教师招聘考试：中小学英语基础知识资料（8）_第2页

　　[正] This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries.

　　[析] have gone to 是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。

　　[误] I have borrowed this book for two weeks.

　　[正] I have kept this book for two weeks.

　　[析] 截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun.　 但要讲When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书。　 I have had this book for two days. 这本书我已买了两天了。

　　I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。

　　I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。

　　My father died five years ago. 我父亲是5年前去世的。

　　My father has been dead for five years. 我父亲已去世5年了。

　　[误] Have you understood the lessons?

　　[正] Do you understand the lessons?

　　[析] 有些动词不易用完成时态，它们是understand, think, believe, know (知道)

　　[误] It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939.

　　[误] It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939.

　　[析] 在讲述过去的历史事件时，总要用过去时而不要用完成时，而且happen, break out, take place作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。

　　[误] When I walked along the street. I happened to meet an old friend.

　　[正] When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend.

　　[析] 在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中，某一突然事件发生，这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时)，而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去 时)，如：When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings.

　　[误] Please buy a book for me.

　　[正] Please buy me a book.

　　[正] Please buy a book to me.

　　[析] 在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接宾语，如：Buy me a book中me是间接宾语，而a book是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置，其后应加to，如： Tell me a story. Tell a story to me. Give me a book. Give a book to me.

　　[误] He was seen come into the book store.

　　[正] He was seen to come into the book store.

　　[析] 在主动语态中，有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语，如：I saw him come into the book store.但如果变为被动语态时，则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语，如： I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动语态时，则没有变化。如：He was seen coming into the book store.

　　[误] How nice the book is! Is it sold well?

　　[正] How nice the book is! Does it sell well?

　　[析] 有些动词可以表示一种动作，但也可以用来表示某种性质，表示动作时可用被动语态，在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如：

　　This book sells well. 这本书畅销。

　　This car drives easily. 这车容易驾驶。

　　These clothes wash easily. 这些衣服好洗。

　　在作上述表达时，不要用被动语态。而要讲：

　　This kind of book was sold out. (这种书卖完了)

　　These clothes were washed by the washing machine. 这时要用被动语态，因为它描述的是具体动作。

　　[误] Must I do it now?

　　No. you mustn't.

　　[正] Must I do it now?No, you needn't.

　　[析] need用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词，其后接不带to的不定式。由must提问的问句作答语时，如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用needn't，即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词，如：I need to wait for my boy.

　　[误] Is this book yours?

　　Yes, It's.

　　[正] Is this book yours?

　　Yes, It is.

　　[析] 在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式，而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式，如：No. It isn't.

　　[误] I'll have my bike repair tomorrow.

　　[正] I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow.

　　[析] have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为：让某人作某事，如：My father had me to learn how to drive， 或My father had me doing my homework from morning till might?　 have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如：I have my hair cut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事，则用I want to repair my bike myself.

　　[误] I'll get my brother repair the bike for you.

　　[正] I'll get my brother to repair the bike for you.

　　[析] have与get的用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。相同之处，如：have something done, 也可用get something done, 或have (get) somebody doing something但不同之处在于have somebody do something 在用get时则要用get somebody to do something。

　　[误] I have to study on Saturday but I haven't to study a full day?

　　[正] I have to study on Saturday， but I don't have to study a full day.

　　[析] have to 不得不，而don't have to 为其否定式。

　　[误] Is Tom in the classroom? No. He mustn't be in the classroom, because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now.

　　[正] Is Tom in the classroom? No. He can't be in the classroom because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now.

　　[析] must 加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测，而表示否定的推测则要用can't。

　　[误] My grandpa is over eighty but he is able to read without glasses.

　　[正] My grandpa is over eighty， but he can read without glasses.

　　[析] can (could) 多用于表达客观的事实，主观能力，而be able to 则多用于表达主观的意愿。

　　[误] She doesn't answer the doorbell.? She should be asleep.

　　[正] She doesn't answer the doorbell. ? She must be asleep?

　　[析] should 用于现在时态的句子中应译为"应该"，如：You should do your homework right away. 而 must加动词原形表示一种推测。

　　[误] Do you like to go with us?

　　[正] Would you like to go with us?

　　[析] Do you like…问的是习惯，如：Do you like swimming? 而would you like是一次性的邀请。

　　[误] I am used to get up early in the morning.

　　[正] I am used to getting up early in the morning.

　　[析] used to 共有三种用法，① 表示过去的习惯，如：I used to live with my parents. ② 表示过去的习惯延续到现在，如：I am used to swimming in the river. ③ 用于被动语态，如：　 Oil is used to cook?

　　[误] To play with the children are very interesting.

　　[正] To play with the children is very interesting.

　　[析] 不定式作主语时，应视为单数主语，特别是两个不定式用and作连词作主语时，如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如：To get up early and to go to sleep early is good for your health.

　　[误] He asked me do my homework alone.

　　[正] He asked me to do my homework alone.

　　[析] 某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语，它们是：ask somebody to do something 要求某人做某事。 tell somebody to do something 告诉某人做某事 还有prepare 准备， decide 决定， happen to 碰巧， seem 似乎。

　　[误] he told me to drive a car.

　　[正] He told me how to drive a car.

　　[析] 要学会疑问词加不定式的用法，特别要注意的是what是疑问代词，而how是疑问副词。如：I want to know what to do. (我想知道干什么)。 I want to know how to do it. (我想知道如何去作)。 要注意的是how to do it 中的it是不可少的，因how是疑问副词，不能作及物动词的宾语，而what是疑问代词，可做do的宾语，所以what to do 后不要加it。

　　[误] I am very glad meeting you.

　　[正] I am very glad to meet you.

　　[析] 许多形容词后加不定式，这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度，如：glad, happy, pleased, lucky, sorry, sad, upset, ready, careful, surprised。

　　[误] I'm too glad for seeing you.

　　[正] I'm too glad to see you.

　　[析] 这句话不能按照too…to的句型翻译为：我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为：见到你太高兴了。又如：She is too honest to tell the truth? 应译为：她很诚实，不会不讲实话。

　　[误] Tom is too young not to join the army.

　　[正] Tom is too young to join the army.

　　[析] 这是too…to的正常用法，太如何如何以至于不能如何。

　　[误] I went to the hospital for seeing my old friend. He was ill in hospital.

　　[正] I went to the hospital to see my old friend. He was ill in hospital.

　　[析] 在句中表示某动作的目的时，要用不定式而不能用for加动名词。

　　[误] Could you help me to find a chair to sit.

　　[正] Could you help me to find a chair to sit on.

　　[析] 当不定式作后置定语时，将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则其后面的介词不要省略。如：I sat on the chair. 这样的用法还有：I want to find a room to live in. I want to find a pen to write with.

　　[误] When mother was about leaving the baby cried suddenly.

　　[正] When mother was about to leave the baby cried suddenly.

　　[析] be about to 是表达较近的即将发生的动作，可用来表示将来时，或按计划、安排的事。

　　[误] This work is difficult to be done.

　　[正] This work is difficult to do.

　　[析] 在不定式作宾语时，下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。① 句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者，如：I have a lot of letters to write. ② 句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者，如：Could you find me a job to do? ③ 在形容词之后的不定式，如：English is difficult to learn.

　　[误] Would you like to see a film with us? Yes, I'd love.

　　[正] Would you like to see a film with us?Yes, I'd love to.

　　[析] 在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留，如：　 I had to (不得不作) I'm going to (打算作) I used to (过去习惯作)　 I'd love to (喜欢作) I hope to (希望作某事) I'll be glad to (高兴作)

　　[误] Did you see someone to do this work for me?

　　[正] Did you see someone do this work for me?

　　[析] 在感观动词之后常接不带to的不定式。这些词是see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice。

　　[误] He was seen prepare this car.

　　[正] He was seen to prepare this car.

　　[析] 在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。

　　[误] Please? Let my child to try it again.

　　[正] Please? Let my child try it again.

　　[析] 在make, have, let后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

　　[误] Why not to do it again?

　　[正] Why not do it again?

　　[析] Why not, you'd better 后接不带to的不定式，如：You'd better go.但要注意的是它的否定式是You'd better not go.

　　[误] When he heard the news he couldn't help to cry.

　　[正] When he heard the news he couldn't help crying.

　　[析] can't help+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。

　　[误] In autumn, the street is always covered with falling leaves.

　　[正] In autumn, the street is always covered with fallen leaves.

　　[析] 现在分词作定语有正在的含义，如：falling leave 正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语fallen leaves是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。

　　[误] Do you hear someone sing in the office?

　　[正] Do you hear someone singing in the office?

　　[析] 感观动词可用不带to的不定式来作宾语补足语，表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作，而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。

　　[误] I want to shop some food for supper.

　　[正] I want to buy some food for supper.

　　[正] I want to go shopping.

　　[析] shop作买东西讲时，要用go shopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有：　 go boating 划船 go sailing 航海 go skating 滑冰　go shooting 射击 go dancing 去跳舞 go fishing 钓鱼　go swimming 去游泳…… 不要用错，也不要改为其他式，因为这是习惯用法。

　　[误] When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped to talk.

　　[正] When the teacher came into the classroom. the students stopped talking.

　　[析] stop to do something 是停下来去做某事，而stop doing something 则是停止做某事。

　　[误] I didn't remember closing the door, so the thief came into the room directly.

　　[正] I didn't remember to close the door, so the thief came into the room directly.

　　[析] remember后接不定式是记着去做某事，即该动作并没有完成。而remember 后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。如： Do remember to turn off the light, before you leave. 即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。I remember meeting you somewhere. 我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法还有forget。

　　[误] When I finished to do this work I would go to play football.

　　[正] When I finished doing this work I would go to play football.

　　[析] 在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish和enjoy, 千万不要与like相比。因为like作动词"喜欢"用时，其后接动名词表示习惯性动作，接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作，而would you like后面则一定要用不定式。