三、决定战后日本领土范围的是《开罗宣言》与《波茨坦公告》
III. Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation define the territory of Japan after World War II
日本外务省主张，战后日本领土范围由1952年生效的《旧金山和约》决定，而《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》则“不能对日本的领土处理形成最终的法律效果”。
Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs holds that its territorial scope is determined by the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1952, and that the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation cannot place legal restrictions on Japan’s territory.
这是日本政府对战后国际法及国际秩序的公然否定，推翻了1945年日本政府在投降书中所作承诺，性质恶劣。1951年《旧金山和约》排除人民共和国政府参与，从未得到新中国政府的承认。中国的领土主权当然不能由美日两国的任何条约和协定来决定。同年9月18日，时任中国外长周恩来发表声明表示：“美国政府在旧金山会议中强制签订的没有人民共和国参加的对日单独和约，……中央人民政府认为是非法的，无效的，因而是绝对不能承认的。”
This is a public denial of international law, which negates the promises Japan made in its formal document of surrender in 1945. In the meantime, the People’s Republic of China was not a part of and never recognized the San Francisco Peace Treaty signed in 1951. China’s sovereignty cannot be determined by a treaty between Japan and the U.S. On Sept. 18, 1951, then Chinese Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai stated that China considers the treaty illegal and void, as it failed to involve China. For that reason, China will never acknowledge it.
针对1971年美日达成“归还冲绳协定”擅自将钓鱼岛划入归还日本的区域，中国外交部于同年12月30日发表声明谴责：这是对中国领土主权的明目张胆的侵犯。中国人民绝对不能容忍。中国政府表示，将钓鱼岛纳入“归还区域”完全是非法的。更何况，即便是《旧金山和约》第三条，其中也根本没有提及钓鱼岛或所谓“尖阁诸岛”。
In 1971, Japan and the U.S. signed the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, which provided that any and all powers of administration over the Ryukyu Islands and Diaoyu Island would be “returned” to Japan. On December 30, 1971, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement pointing out that the agreement was a flagrant violation of China’s sovereignty and would never be tolerated by the Chinese people.“It is completely illegal for the government of the U.S. and Japan to include China’s Diaoyu Island as part of the territories to be returned to Japan in the Okinawa Reversion Agreement,” read a statement from the Chinese government.In addition, Diaoyu Island was never even mentioned in Article 3 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
日本作为第二次世界大战的加害国、战败国，在战后领土划分问题上承诺遵守的政治文件和国际法规约如下：1972年9月《中日联合声明》第三条规定：“人民共和国重申：台湾是人民共和国领土不可分割的一部分。日本国政府充分理解和尊重中国政府的这一立场，并坚持遵循波茨坦公告第八条的立场。”1978年8月缔结的《中日和平友好条约》规定，“联合声明所表明的各项原则应予严格遵守”。1945年7月《波茨坦公告》第八条规定：“开罗宣言之条件必将实施，而日本之主权必将限于本州、北海道、九州、四国及吾人所决定其他小岛之内。”1943年12月《开罗宣言》规定：“日本所窃取于中国之领土，例如东北四省、台湾、澎湖群岛等，归还民国。”需要指出的是，《开罗宣言》的日文版表述为，日本必须把“从清国人窃占的一切地域归还民国”。即，无论是《马关条约》之前还是《马关条约》之后日本窃占的中国领土，都必须遵守《波茨坦公告》和《开罗宣言》归还中国。
After its defeat in World War II, Japan promised to obey the following political documents and regulations regarding territory: According to Article 3 of the China-Japan Joint Communiqué signed in September 1972, the government of the People’s Republic of China reiterates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People’s Republic of China. The government of Japan fully understands and respects this stand of the government of the People’s Republic of China, and it firmly maintains its stand under Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation.Also, based on the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between China and Japan in August 1978, the principles set out in the Joint Communiqué had to be strictly observed.Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation stipulated that the terms of the Cairo Declaration be carried out and Japanese sovereignty limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and other such minor islands as later determined.The Cairo Declaration, signed in 1943, required that all the territories Japan stole from China, such as Manchuria, Formosa and the Pescadores Islands, be restored to the Republic of China.It should be noted that in the Japanese version of the Cairo Declaration, it is stipulated that Japan has to return all the territories stolen from the Qing court to the Republic of China, which means all the territories Japan stole from China before and after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
这是因为，1945年8月15日，日本天皇发表《终战诏书》表示：“朕已命帝国政府通告美、英、中、苏四国，接受其联合公告。”同年9月2日，日本政府签署的《日本投降书》承诺：“余等为天皇、日本国政府及其后继者承允忠实履行波茨坦宣言之条款……”
The Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War, which was announced by the emperor of Japan on Aug. 15, 1945, ordered the Japanese government to inform the U.S., Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that it accepted their joint declaration.On Sept. 2 of the same year, the Japanese surrender document was signed, in which Japan promised that “we, acting by command of and on behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese government and its successors will faithfully implement the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation.”
然而，如今的日本政府“后继者”不仅没有忠实履行《波茨坦公告》和遵守《中日联合声明》《中日和平友好条约》，反而企图以美日为主缔结的《旧金山和约》取而代之，并强加于中国等战胜国和并未参与该和约的国家，这不是公然违反战后国际法和国际秩序、自食其言又是什么?
However, the successors of the Japanese government did not faithfully implement the terms of Potsdam Proclamation, nor did they abide by the China-Japan Joint Communiqué and Treaty of Peace and Friendship between China and Japan. Instead, the successors tried to replace those agreements with the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed only by the U.S. and Japan.If that’s not a violation of international law and order, what is?
(作者为清华大学国际关系研究院教授)
(The author is a professor from the Institute of International Relations at Tsinghua University.)
