Passage 2
Nowadays almost every city has an airport, even two, in the case of some big cities. Like a railway station an airport is a very busy place. At almost any hour of the day or night it is thronged with people, many of whom are passengers either waiting for a departing flight or who have just landed. Today, a great number of people travel from one country to another by plane just as routinely as other people move from one town to another within the same country by train or bus.
The large building in which passengers wait for their flight is called the passenger terminal. When a passenger arrives at the terminal, he goes to the counter of the airline that has arranged his trip. There he shows his ticket as proof that he has a booking on the particular flight. He also gives up his heavy luggage to be tagged and sent to the hold of the aircraft. If his ticket is in order, and his luggage is not overweight, he is issued with a card called a boarding pass which allows him admission onto the plane. Following the announcement that the plane is ready for boarding, departing passengers go through departure gates, which control the entrance and exit of people on and off the aircraft. At these gates, after they have shown their passports and their boarding pass has been checked, they are allowed to board the waiting aircraft.
Aircraft lands and takes off on a runway made of concrete(混凝土).The runway of a modern airport is about three kilometers in length, as large jet planes take this distance to get airborne, or to come to a standstill after landing. Only one plane can land on or take off from a runway at a time. Specially trained officers, who sit in the control tower of the airport, strictly control the landing and take-off of aircraft. These air traffic controllers, as they are called, communicate with the pilots of the planes by radio. All modern planes are fitted with radar but the pilots still rely on the controllers to guide them. A mistake made by a controller in the tower may lead to a serious accident in which a large number of people may be injured or killed.
16. How many airports are there in a city?( )
A. None. B. One, even two.
C. At least two. D. More than two.
17. When passengers arrive at the airport, they wait for their flight in the ______.( )
A. departure gates B. runway
C. terminal building D. airline’s counter
18. What should passengers do after the announcement is made that their plane is ready for boarding? ( )
A. Go through departure gates.
B. Arrange the trip in the counter of the airline.
C. Pay for their over-weight luggage.
D. Check their boarding card.
19. Who control the landing and take-off of aircraft at the airport?( )
A. Pilots B. Cabin attendants
C. Air traffic controllers D. Aircraft engineers
20. Which of the following statement is NOT mentioned in this article? ( )
A. Aircraft lands and takes off on a runway made of concrete.
B. At a time only one plane can land on or take off from a runway.
C. A mistake made by a controller in the tower may lead to a large number of people injured or killed.
D. The pilot can see the runway clearly at night.
Passage 3
Research programs on flight-crew distractions have identified 34 different types of activities that have led to errors in the cockpit. Ninety percent of these fall into one of three broad categories communication, head-down work(精神过于集中), and responding to abnormal situations.
A well-known example is the December 1972 crash of an Eastern Airlines on approach into Miami International airport. The crew was so busy looking at a landing gear light and did not notice that someone had turned off the autopilot by mistake.
A review was made of reports of accidents caused by crew error. Nearly half involved a loss of attention because of interruptions, distractions or thinking about one task and forgetting others. Several ideas help crews to prevent errors. Conversation is a powerful distracter so it must be kept brief at critical moments. “Head-down” tasks greatly reduce the ability to monitor what the other pilot and the aircraft are doing, so one pilot must be clearly assigned to flying pilot-flying (PF) and one to non flying responsibilities pilot-not-flying (PNF). Vital tasks need to be scheduled so that they will not conflict with another vital task. When two important tasks must be performed at the same time, the pilots must set up a scan and avoid letting attention linger too long on either duty. They must treat interruptions as red flags.
Research into the way the brain works shows that people can only performed two tasks at the same time in a few circumstances, even if they are skillful in performing each task separately. “Broadly speaking, humans have two mental systems with which they perform tasks,” they wrote. “One involves conscious control, the other is an automatic system that operates largely outside of conscious control.”
Conscious control is required when the task is new, difficult or dangerous; when an automatic process must be put aside to prevent “habit capture” going back to an old habit because a new system must be followed.
21. Which of the following is NOT the main reason for pilot’s distraction?( )
A. Communication.
B. Competing activities.
C. Head-down work.
D. Searching for responding to abnormal situations.
22. The Miami accident in December 1972 was caused by ______.( )
A. failure to notice a mis-operation B. a landing gear
C. a light D. the autopilot
23. The researchers’ suggestion is to ______.( )
A. recognize the distraction of conversation and head-down work.
B. plan activities to avoid tasks all the same time and pay attention to tasks alternately when two do occur.
C. treat interruptions as not allowed, and assign pilot-flying and pilot-not-flying responsibilities.
D. all of the above.
24. Which of the following is WRONG according to this passage?( )
A. In most cases, humans can perform two tasks at the same time.
B. Humans have two mental systems with which to perform tasks.
C. One mental system is controlled by consciousness
D. The other operates out of the control of consciousness.
25. When is conscious control required?( )
A. When the task is new.
B. When the task is critical, difficult or dangerous.
C. When an automatic process must not be adopted in order to avoid habit capture.
D. All of the above.
Ⅲ. Cloze Test (本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
DIRECTIONS: In this part, the words and phrases are missing in the following paragraph. Choose the most appropriate words from the following FORM.
|
Take-off oxygen on demonstration ensure duty maximum evacuation release safety |
After boarding, an important 26 in taking care of the passengers is to brief them on the use of their 27 belts, and on any relevant emergency procedures. The safety 28 at the beginning of a flight is very important. For example, aircraft seat belts, like the seats, consist of a lap-strap and sometimes a shoulder harness. The passengers must be shown how to fasten, adjust and 29 their seat belts. Cabin crew must always check that they are fastened at 30 and landing. The passengers should be shown how to put 31 a life jacket, and how to use the emergency 32 masks stored above the seat. Aircraft cabins can become stuffy, so 33
that there is adequate ventilation and each passenger knows how to adjust the appropriate vent to
34 personal comfort. Handicapped passengers may need special attention, and a modified briefing to explain how they should leave the airplane in the case of an 35 . Passengers need not be passive.
26. ______ 27.______ 28.______ 29. ______ 30.______
31. ______ 32. ______ 33. ______ 34. ______ 35. ______
