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Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year' s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U. S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they' re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply, " says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system.
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little in. centive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year' s flu virus is different, any tettover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers ( Chiron and Aventis Pas- teur)--and when one of them runs inla trouble, there isn' t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine maker can" t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs, " says Manon Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There' s a whole industry that' s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time. "
Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year' s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product ( Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For Americans, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That' s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign--encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
61. Shortages of flue vaccine show that'
A. America relies too much cn foreign suppliers
B. the demand of flu vaccines is high this year
C. quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
D. the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
62. The word "cleared" ( Line 4, Paragraph 3) might mean
A. permitted
B. removed
C. proved
D. produced
63. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of _____
A. complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk
B. shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
C. difficulty in growing live virus
D. fast changing of flu virus
64. From the last paragraph we can infer that _
A. the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
B. more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
C. America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
D. normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
65. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
B. The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
C. More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
D. Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
