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Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment,so it includes employees and the self-employed. Labor is one of the country's resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services required by the community. .
Though the size of the workforce relies greatly on the size of the total population,there are several other aspects which also affect it. The age distribution of the total population has a very marked effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work,then the available workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution.If the population grows rapidly from natural increase,i. e. the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths,then as a total population increases, the proportion in the workforce declines.
Sometimes a population is described as aging,which means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly,and as people retire from the workforce, there are inadequate numbers of young people entering it to take place of those who are leaving it. The population is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate. '
The age distribution of the population has several important influences on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce,this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a reasonable level of social services to the retired group. If the aged are to be cared for in special homes or hotels,finance must be available for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total population,then the government tax receipts are relatively low and either the govemment has less money available to it or the workforce members have to be taxed more heavily.
56. Labor force is composed of .
[A] people who are available to work and earn income
[B] self-employed people only
[C] only those who are looking for an employment
[D] only the employees
57. The factor which does NOT influence the size of the worldorce is _ .
[A] the size of population
[B] age distribution of the population
[C] national economy
[D] natural increase
58. The conclusion which can be drawn safely from the second paragraph is that _
[A] a population growth from natural increase leads to a greater proportion of the work-force
[B] a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce
[C] the larger the number of the aged in a population,the higher the proportion of the workforce
[D] if the population has an evenly spreaded age distribution,the workforce will be lower
59. When a population is said to be aging,_ .
[A] more people are retiring than people entering the workforce
[B] the birth rate is growing '
[C] there is an oversupply of workforce
[D] young people outnumber old people
60. The population which is top-heavy with older people poses a problem to _ .
[A] the government [B] the economy
[C] the workforce [D] all of the above
Part B
Directions :
Read the following discussion. among five people about workplace dress, for questions 61 t0 65,match the name of each person. (61 t0 65) to one of the statements (A to G ) given below. Mark you answers on. you.r ANSWER SHEETl.
Marian :
I have a friend who is a team leader of about 25 employees who are primarily women. She' s found a trick that works for her most of the time, but -not always. Those staff who appear in much less than professional dressing are asked if their mother and father would think appropriate a picture of them dressed in what they believe is "OK" for work. If they say "yes", she then takes a picture and asks them to send it home. Having a camera helps. Having a visual proof drives her message home.
Catherine :
I think it really boils down to a moral question. Is it morally "right" to use our body to move ahead in business? Or should we instead emphasize intelligence, capabilities, creative and independent thought, professionalism, and other such qualities which many, many women possess, but whom are routinely neglected for promotions and are never glorified or emphasized in our culture. It' s okay to be a tough, competent lawyer like Ally Mcbeal, but you won't get noticed unless you look good in really short skirts. Having a nice body is a plus, but I think that there are tons and tons of styles of dress which can show off a nice body in a professional way.
Roget:
A lot of employees have finally gotten the message about inappropriate (不合适的) dress-down items such as jeans, shorts, revealing tops, etc. They are starting to wear the proper dress-down clothes. However, wearing the appropriate dress-down clothes doesn' t mean you're excused from ironing and it's certainly no license to wear dirty clothes. Wash and iron people! And guys, tuck your shirts in and put on a pair of socks!
Briggs:
I work in a large company that has adopted the business code. They have an outline of what is acceptable and what is not. On it you find the typical, no blue jeans, no mini-skirts, no bare feet or legs and that type of thing. I guess I agree with Jessica. Anyone with common sense knows how to dress appropriately for whatever environment he or she works in. I am a casual person by nature but I tend to wear the business dress in my office. I do see some people in my building wearing casually and they look strange there.
BiH:
You're forgetting the most important point-it's "their" business. They are the ones who have put financial resources on the line: who have a whole bunch to lose if the business goes bad: who are providing employment for others. Therefore, they get to make the rules. If that includes a dress code, then that's their right. If you'd like a different dress code-start your own business.
Now match each of the people (61 t0 65) to the appropriate statement.
Note: there are two extra statements.
Statements
61.Marian [A] We shall not be moved.
62. Catherine [B] Money means freedom.
63. Roget [C] Photos taking are pleasant.
64. Briggs [D] There are people who are so careless about dressing.
65. Bill [E] Action speaks louder than words.
[F] It is our society that must be blamed.
[G] You should wear appropriately where you are.
