教师招聘考试：中小学英语基础知识资料（6）

　　六、 介 词

　　(一) 知识概要

　　介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。

　　介词 表示时间 表示地点方位 表示原因方式 其 他

　　about 大约在……时间 about five o'clock 在周围，大约多远 about five kilometres 关于、涉及

　　talk about you

　　above 高出某一平面

　　above sea level

　　across 横过 walk across the street对面 across the street

　　after 在……之后

　　after supper

　　跟……后面

　　one after another

　　追赶

　　run after you

　　against 背靠逆风

　　against the wall, against the wind

　　反对

　　be against you

　　among 三者以上的中间

　　among the trees

　　at 在某时刻

　　at ten

　　在小地点

　　at the school gate

　　表示速度

　　at high speed

　　向着，对着

　　at me

　　before 在……之前

　　before lunch

　　位于……之前

　　sit before me

　　behind 位于……之后

　　behind the tree

　　below 低于……水平

　　below zero

　　不合格

　　below the standard

　　by 到……时刻，在……时刻之前

　　by five o'clock

　　紧挨着

　　site by site

　　乘坐交通工具by air, by bick 被由

　　was made by us

　　during 在……期间during the holidays

　　for 延续多长时间

　　for five years

　　向……去

　　leave for Shanghai 为了，对于

　　be good for you

　　from 从某时到……某时 from morning till night 来自何方

　　from New York

　　由某原料制成be made from

　　来自何处

　　where are you from

　　in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面

　　in the room

　　用某种语言 in English 穿着

　　in red

　　into 进入……里面

　　walk into

　　除 分

　　divide into

　　变动

　　turn into water

　　near 接近某时 near five years 在……附近 near the park

　　of 用某种原料制成

　　be made of

　　属于……性质

　　a map of U. S .A

　　on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面

　　on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于 a book on Physics

　　over 渡过一整段时间 work over night 在上方

　　over the desk

　　超过， 高于 over five pairs

　　past 超过某一时刻

　　ten past five

　　经过某地

　　walk past the park

　　since 从某时以来

　　since 1980

　　原因

　　Since you were ill

　　through 经过某一时期 through his life 通过、穿过某地

　　through the forest

　　till until 直到某时为止 till five o'clock

　　to 差多少时间

　　five to ten

　　问，到，去往

　　to Shanghai

　　面对面

　　face to face

　　给予give a book to me

　　under 在……下面

　　under the desk

　　少于

　　under ten

　　在……管制之 下 under the rule

　　with 用某种工具 with a pen 带着，具有

　　with me

　　without 没有

　　without air

　　(二) 正误辨析

　　[误] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

　　[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

　　[析] at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。

　　[误] Don't sleep at daytime?

　　[正] Don't sleep in daytime.

　　[析] in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

　　[误] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

　　[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

　　[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th

　　[误] He became a writter at his twenties?

　　[正] He became a writter in his twenties?

　　[析] 这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。

　　[误] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

　　[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

　　[析] 在具体年岁前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。

　　[误] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

　　[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

　　[析] 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如：on New Year's Day

　　[误] I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

　　[正] I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

　　[析] 在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。

　　[误] I haven't see you during the summer holidays.

　　[正] I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

　　[析] during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为"整整，全部的时间"。如：It rained through the night.　而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。

　　[误] At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[析] On 加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一听见， on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)

　　[误] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[析] at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指"最终，终于"之意。

　　[误] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[析] by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.

　　[误] He came to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He had come to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He came to London two weeks ago.

　　[析] before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。

　　[误] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

　　[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.

　　[析] since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态

　　[误] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

　　[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

　　[析] 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。

　　[误] Three days after he died.

　　[正] After three days he died.

　　[正] Three days later he died.

　　[析] after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。

　　[误] She hid herself after the tree.

　　[正] She hid herself behind the tree.

　　[析] after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。

　　[误] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

　　[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

　　[析] 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.

　　[误] Shanghai is on the east of China.

　　[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.

　　[析] 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.

　　[误] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

　　[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

　　[析] at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。

　　[误] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[析] 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。

　　[误] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

　　[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

　　[析] 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

　　[误] This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.

　　[正] This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.