About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course: The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound ATP, which drives the biochemical reactions. Respiration also requires oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of oxygen.
The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves can "export" protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.
61. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The relationship between a plant's roots and its shoots.
B. What can be learned by growing roots in isolation.
C. How plants can be grown without roots.
D. What elements are necessary for the growth of plants.
62. The underlined word "themselves" in Paragraph 1 refers to ______
A. plant physiologists B. solutions
C. laboratory flasks D. roots
63. The scientists found what the isolated roots need is ______
A. quite natural
B. sugar, minerals and vitamins
C. some rare vitamins
D. organic nitrogen compounds
64. Roots have the ability to ______
A. make proteins
B. obtain fresh air
C. produce inorganic nitrogen
D. carry out activities without energy
65. According to the passage, what is ATP?
A. A biochemical process.
B. The tip of a root.
C. A chemical compound.
D. A type of plant cell.
66. The underlined word "intact" in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______
A. mature B. wild
C. whole D. tiny
67. The use of the phrase "comes in handy" underlined in Paragraph 2 indicates that the process is ______
A. unavoidable B. predictable
C. necessary D. successful
68. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants ______
A. "export" protein in the form of amino acids
B. do not require water
C. have begun photosynthesizing
D. obtain organic compounds from the root
69. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. The results of two experiments are compared.
B. A generalization is made, and several examples of it are given.
C. The findings of an experiment are explained.
D. A hypothesis is presented, and several means of proving it are suggested.
70. Where is this passage likely to be found?
A. A newsletter. B. A magazine.
C. A storybook. D. A novel.
Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the vital ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances.
Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances, however, have dozens, even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate and identit3, these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible to synthesize them. Nevertheless, some complex substances, such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been duplicated satisfactorily.
Many of the chemical compounds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in nature, and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied "new car odor."
71. From the passage we can learn that ______
A. natural flavorings and fragrances are not quite dear
B. the limitation of natural flavorings and fragrances is clear
C. the supply of natural flavorings and fragrances is adequate to meet the demand
D. the cost of producing natural flavorings and fragrances is high
72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Natural rose fragrance is 100 times more expensive to produce than artificial rose fragrance.
B. The most important ingredient in a rose fragrance is obtained from natural rose oil at a low cost.
C. A different synthetic substance can be made for 1% of the cost.
D. Natural rose oil costs the same as its fragrances.
73. The industry of producing hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances probably appeared in ______
A. 2000 B. 1953
C. 1909 D. 1810
74. According to the passage, all the following are easier to synthesize EXCEPT ______
A. aromatic ingredient in vanilla
B. vanilla
C. aromatic ingredient in wild cherry
D. the flavor of fresh coffee
75. The underlined word "duplicated" in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______
A. make double
B. make a copy of
C. produce something equal to
D. take from
76. Why does the author mention fresh coffee in Paragraph 2?
A. As an example of complex substances having not been duplicated satisfactorily.
B. Because the coffee fragrance is hard to produce.
C. To conclude the passage.
D. The smell of fresh coffee is inviting.
77. ______ a substance can be synthesized.
A. Upon identifying the basic components of it
B. Once chemically analyzed
C. When gas chromatography is used
D. If spectroscopy is adopted
78. It can be inferred from the passage that ______
A. vanillin is easier to synthesize than benzaldehyde
B. not all synthetic flavors are harmless
C. in general, the less components there are in a fragrance, the harder it is to synthesize
D. synthesized substances must be tested for safety only if they are used in food
79. Which of the following is the best title for tile passage?
A. How to Synthesize Fragrances
B. Synthetic Substances Are Easy to Make
C. Natural Flavorings and Fragrances
D. Synthetic Flavors and Fragrances
80. Which of the following is NOT true according to the last paragraph?
A. Synthetic fragrances can be used to make a used car smell like a new one.
B. Synthetic flavors and fragrances have added to the varieties of products.
C. Lemon soap is made out of some delicious lemon.
D. It is likely that a bottle of orange juice is synthesized.
