2016年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三

　　托福阅读原文

　　Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; itis now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lowerColumbia River.

　　Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar,hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

　　The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The earlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famousexplorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

　　Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deerwas to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, thewinter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any ageannually for an indefinite period."

　　The causes of this population rebound areconsequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves,cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation hasbeen insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.

　　托福阅读试题

　　1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

　　A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.

　　B.it is more closely related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

　　C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.

　　D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.

　　2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditions

　　A.cause some deer to hibernate

　　B.make food unavailable in the highlandsfor deer

　　C.make it easier for deer to locateunderstory plants

　　D.prevent deer from migrating during thewinter

　　3.The word "inhibits" in thepassage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to

　　A.consists of

　　B.combines

　　C.restricts

　　D.establishes

　　4.The phrase "in the same breath"in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

　　A.impatiently

　　B.humorously

　　C.continuously

　　D.immediately

　　5.The author tells the story of theexplorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustratewhich of thefollowing points?

　　A.The number of deer within the Puget Soundregion has varied over time.

　　B.Most of the explorers who came to thePuget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

　　C.There was more game for hunting in theEast of the United States than in the West.

　　D.Individual explorers were not assuccessful at locating games as were the trading companies.

　　6.According to paragraph 3, how had FortVancouver changed by the time David Douglas returnedin 1832?

　　A.The fort had become the headquarters forthe Hudson's Bay Company.

　　B.Deer had begun populating the meadowsaround the fort.

　　C.Deer populations near the fort had beendestroyed.

　　D.Crop yields in the area around the forthad decreased.

　　7.Why does the author ask readers to recall“the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” (paragraph 4) in the discussionof changes in the wilderness landscape?

　　A.To provide support for the idea thathabitat destruction would lead to population decline

　　B.To compare how two species of deer causedbiotic changes in the wilderness environment

　　C.To provide an example of a species ofdeer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

　　D.To argue that some deer species must begiven a protected status

　　8.The phrase “indefinite period” in thepassage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to period

　　A.whose end has not been determined

　　B.that does not begin when expected

　　C. that lasts only briefly

　　D.whose importance remains unknown

　　9.Which of the following statements aboutdeer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

　　A.Deer populations reached their highestpoint during the 1940s and then began to decline.

　　B.The activities of settlers contributed inunexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.

　　C.The cleaning of wilderness land forconstruction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer populationhas never recovered.

　　D.Since the 1940s the winter populations ofdeer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

　　10.The word “rebound” in the passage(paragraph 5) s closest in meaning to

　　A.decline

　　B. recovery

　　C. exchange

　　D.movement

　　11.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.

　　A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family withthe Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase insuitable browse.

　　B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforestedfeeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

　　C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it isimportant to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer toinhabit.

　　D.According to Einarsen, huckleberry andvine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition ofdeer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

　　12.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

　　A.A reduction in the number of predators

　　B.Restrictions on hunting

　　C.The effects of logging and fire

　　D.Laws that protected feeding grounds ofdeer

　　13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. There foodis available and accessible throughout the winter.

　　Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. █【A】Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. █【B】Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.

　　█【C】The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry ofEuropeans into Puget Sound country. █【D】The earlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorersof the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of theColumbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They hadexperienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until thesecond of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of thelowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than facepossible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deerpopulations continued to fluctuate. DavidDouglas, Scottish botanical explorerof the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fortduring the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact withthe fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted toextermination in order to protect the crops."

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a widevariety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.

　　A.The balance of deer species in the PugetSound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer nowoutnumbering other types of deer.

　　B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, butearly settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.

　　C. In the long term, black-tailed deer inthe Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through theelimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforestedareas.

　　D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it wasand still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living atany one time in the western United States.

　　E.Although it was believed that humansettlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer todecrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.

　　F.Wildlifebiologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may createnutritional deficiencies for deer.

　　托福阅读答案

　　1.以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句，说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确，其他的都没说

　　2.以winter condition做关键词，没有，但最后一句有wind and snow on the ground，就是指冬天了，读这句话，说understory会暴露，understory指的是林下植被，而且还说风会把blabla吹开，所以既然挡在上面的东西都被吹走了，结果是林下植被露出地面，前文又说any plant of林下植被都是鹿的食物，所以答案C正确。A说hibernate冬眠与上文相反，B原文只说迁徙没说高地上没吃的，即使真没吃的也不一定是冬天引起的，D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错

　　3.inhibit阻止，阻拦，后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱

　　4.in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D immediately最可能对，带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对

　　5.修辞目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，这是一个中心，而A选项刚好是这个中心，正确

　　6.以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句，说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对，作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对，A没说

　　7.修辞目的题，往前看，前句说thenumbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确

　　8.indefinite意思就是不定的，所以indefiniteperiod就是没有限制的时间段，B没有如期开始C非常短D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的尾巴还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确

　　9.问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reductionin numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错

　　10.rebound反弹，句中this证明与上段的衔接，上段说鹿的数量在下降，但settlers的活动却导致黑尾鹿数量上升，所以rebound是反弹，recovery是答案，其他都不对

　　11.原文的结构是，in addition那部分完全没用，包括后面like举的那两个例子，主干部分在那个人发现了blablabla，longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰，B选项非常好地重复了这个结构。注意browse动词是浏览或者放牧，名词指牧草，所以主干部分必须提到food，A没提到，错;C虽然提到了，但只是作为open areas的修饰，而且也不是他believe，错;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构改变，错

　　12.排除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的原因，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明了三个原因，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D

　　13.有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词重叠的原则，B对D错

　　14.The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错

　　Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确

　　in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确

　　because选项太细节，不选

　　although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确

　　wildlife选项原文没有提及，错