2016年托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题（三）

　　some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. in 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at western electric. the researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. in fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! the important part of this experiment began when two harvard researchers, elton mayo and fritz roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. they found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.

　　this phenomenon came to be known as the hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the western electric hawthorne plant. this was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. further experiments were continued for five years. generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.

　　their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. the contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.

　　11. what is the passage primarily about?

　　(a) the first widely published development in modern motivation theory

　　(b) shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach

　　(c) the importance of careful research

　　(d) the results of a pioneering study at western electric

　　12. the word “optimum” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(a) positive

　　(b) favorable

　　(c) best

　　(d) alternate

　　13. the most significant finding of the original research was

　　(a) lighting had no consistent effect on production

　　(b) production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight.

　　(c) that lighting was no more important than the other factors of temperature and humidity.

　　(d) the results were unexpected and confusing.

　　14. why does the author say that the important part of this research began when two harvard researchers were brought in (lines 8-9)

　　(a) until then the research had been poorly conducted

　　(b) they took a multifaceted approach

　　(c) the results of the original research did not make sense

　　(d) harvard has a good reputation in conducting research

　　15. the research became known as the “hawthorne effect” because

　　(a) it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted

　　(b) it was the name suggested by the harvard researchers

　　(c) it was the name of the principal experimenter

　　(d) there were hawthorne plants growing at western electric where the study was conducted

　　16. the word “it” in line 14 refers to

　　(a) the experiment

　　(b) economic motivation

　　(c) the western electric hawthorn plant

　　(d) the hawthorne effect

　　17. it can be inferred from this passage that the hawthorne study

　　(a) led to lighting, temperature, and humidity no longer being considered important when seeking ways to improve production

　　(b) stimulated further research into work condition and worker behavior

　　(c) led to psychological factors becoming the mostimportant consideration in achieving production efficiency

　　(d) led to economic considerations being less important in achieving productivity

　　18. part of the reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was

　　(a) due to the recognition that workers should be happy at work in order to maintain high productivity

　　(b) a general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important factor

　　(c) because the hawthorne study continued for so long

　　(d) because the workers requested it

　　19. according to the passage, it can be concluded that a “multifaceted approach” to human motivation in the workplace

　　(a) excludes economics

　　(b) can lead to greater productivity

　　(c) excludes physical conditions

　　(d) focuses mainly on psychological and social forces

　　20. the word “multifaceted” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

　　(a) versatile

　　(b) complex

　　(c) many-sided

　　(d) multitude

　　21. which of the following is not true about the hawthorne study

　　(a) it was the first documented evidence of the psychological effects on doing work

　　(b) the hawthorne study continued for five years

　　(c) they found that workers responded not to the level of lighting but to the fact that other work conditions were not favorable

　　(d) the study changed the focus from economics to a multifaceted approach