2018年12月1日托福听力机经小范围预测

2018年12月1日托福听力机经小范围预测

　　题目 1. What does the professor mainly discuss?

　　A. Hypotheses about why certain behaviors have developed in juvenile fish

　　B. Possible explanations for a fish-grouping behavior

　　C. Predator-prey relationships among various marine organisms

　　D. Evidence that grouping behaviors are more beneficial for adult fish than for juvenile fish

　　2. What type of evidence does the professor refer to in support of the meeting-point hypothesis?

　　A. The large number of species of fish that form schools Animal Behavior

　　B. The types of floating objects under which tuna aggregate

　　C. The percentage of fish species that aggregate under floating objects

　　D. The size of schools formed by tuna that aggregate under floating objects

　　3. What is the professor's opinion of the paper written by researchers in Spain?

　　A. Its challenge to the meeting-point hypothesis is convincing.

　　B. It raises more questions about fish aggregation than it answers.

　　C. It effectively shows that the shelter-from-predators hypothesis is not true for most fish species.

　　D. It supports the food-supply hypothesis.

　　4. Why does the professor discuss fish coloration?

　　A. To support the shelter-from-predators hypothesis

　　B. To point out a difference between tuna and other fish species

　　C. To emphasize the connection between a fish's diet and its coloration

　　D. To explain why not all fish species aggregate under floating algae

　　5. Why does the professor discuss ocean currents?

　　A. To explain one way in which fish form schools

　　B. To explain one way in which floating debris aids fish in obtaining food

　　C. To explain why some fish species do not need to aggregate

　　D. To indicate where commercial fishers often place fish-aggregating devices

　　6、What points about tuna does the professor emphasize when she discusses artificial fish-aggregating devices, or FADs Click on 2 answers.

　　A. That tuna continue to aggregate as adults

　　B. That tuna rely on FADs for most of their food

　　C. That FADs are usually placed in areas where juvenile tuna do not live

　　D. That juvenile tuna are seldom found in coastal waters

　　听力文本

　　Narrator: Paul: Student 2: Lecturer: Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.

　　Lecturer:Another group behavior amongst fish that might be related to schooling, at least for some species, is something we see with a lot of ocean dwelling fish. It's an attraction to floating objects, a phenomenon we call fish aggregation behavior. Aggregation behavior has been documented in more than three hundred fish species. Hundreds, or even thousands of individuals, will congregate under a floating log, or tree branches, or drifting algae, any chunk of debris really, whether naturally occurring or human made. It's as if floating objects act as magnets for fish. The fish are attracted to them and just hang out there for extended periods. The behavior must serve some purpose, but what? Any ideas? Paul?

　　Paul:Maybe the objects provide cover from predators? Sort of hide them from birds flying overhead?

　　Student 2:Or… could they contain food, like organisms that grow on the floating debris, like uh, floating buffet tables for fish?

　　Lecturer:Both seem plausible hypotheses. Anyone else? Okay. Well, before we get to those, let's start with one of the first hypotheses researchers ever considered, which was developed on the basis of the behavior of tuna, and that's the moving point hypothesis. This hypothesis holds that tuna aggregate at the prelude to forming schools. Isolated individuals meet up, and when there's enough, they swim off in a close-knit group, a school. As you know, schooling diminishes a fish's chance of being singled out by a predator, and it helps fish detect food and find a mate, among other things. Now, tuna do form schools after congregating under floating objects, but what really supports the hypothesis is evidence of schools of tuna that form beneath floating objects seem to be larger than schools formed elsewhere from free-swimming tuna, so there's a correlation between school size and aggregation.

　　But, the meeting point hypothesis for other species has been challenged recently by a group of researchers in Spain. And their argument is quite strong, I'd say. They point out that more than eighty percent of fish found aggregating around floating structures are juveniles. Schools, on the other hand, consist mainly of adult fish. So, aside from a few species like tuna, very few aggregating fish end up forming into schools. The data shows that the moving point hypothesis is pretty limited. Yes, Paul?

　　Paul:So, what about the other hypotheses, is there evidence for those?

　　Lecturer:Okay, the shelter from predators and food supply hypotheses. Well, juveniles of all species are more vulnerable to predators than adults are. And in many species, fish develop coloration during juvenile stages that mimic the floating object they're attracted to, like some species have dark bars on yellow backgrounds which helps them blend in with drifting algae. In most cases, when these juveniles become adults, their coloration changes and they can swim away. They lose that particular camouflage along with their instinct to aggregate, so floating debris does seem to function as protection from predators for the juveniles of many species.

　　As for food supply, floating objects really help with this, because they drift. And as they drift, they become havens for tiny invertebrates, providing a ready meal for juvenile fish as they drift along an ocean current with the object. Now, ocean currents tend to converge at various points, and plankton, which juveniles also eat, also tend to collect in pockets at these locations. So, for aggregating juveniles, going with the flow, so to speak, enables their survival because nourishment can be difficult to find in the open ocean. So, for most fish, aggregation seems to provide some benefit related to food supply or predation, particularly for juveniles. For tuna, the meeting point hypothesis seems like a better explanation, because it's not just juvenile tuna that aggregate. The adults do it, too. Their aggregation behavior does not go away as the fish mature. And this fact, by the way, is not lost on the commercial fishing industry. Commercial tuna fishers regularly deploy artificial floating objects known as fish aggregating devices, or F-A-Ds. The size, color, and shape of the F-A-D don't seem to matter, or whether they're free-floating or anchored like a buoy. F-A-Ds are so effective, that almost two-thirds of tuna catches are made at F-A-D sites.

　　Speaker 2:They catch juveniles, too?

　　Lecturer:Well, tuna fishers are interested in adult fish, not juveniles, so they tend to be careful about where they place their F-A-Ds. Like, they usually don't put them near coasts, where most juvenile tuna live.