2016年9月3日托福机经及解析之阅读(网友版)

　　词汇题：

　　Pursue=engage in

　　Indiscriminate=random

　　Remote=distance

　　Aggregate=collection

　　Resistance=opposition

　　Cluster=group

　　Unfavorable=negative

　　Comparable=similar

　　第一篇：

　　题材划分：生物类文章

　　主要内容：

　　物种进化论的不足，指出99%的物种选择都消失了，有很多因素都限制物种选择，突然爆发的灾难像洪水地震，很可能灭绝掉本身适合被选择的物种和物种之间的交互反应，单一的生物要和其他物种反应才会对选择有反应，还有生物遗传本身的特点，遗传物质的特性限制了后代的发展

　　解析：话题比较简单，但是文章中的长难句比较多加上专有名词又多，导致很多学生阅读的时候存在理解障碍，平时要加强长难句的翻译。

　　相关文章：

　　The Evolutionary Origin of Plants

　　Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.

　　The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. These adaptations served their descendant well asthey invaded land.

　　The terrestrial world is green now, but it did not start out that way. When plants first made the transition ashore more than 400 million years ago, the land was barren and desolate, inhospitable to life. From a plant’s evolutionary view point, however, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight (the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water).So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified.

　　第二篇

　　题材划分：历史类文章

　　主要内容：

　　讲了罗马国分成东西两国，西面没有东面发展好因为资源不足，战争还多，还有小皇帝太小不掌权，和割让领土之类的问题，割让之后其他部落首领在本国担任领导给予权利，但这种方法有问题，内部不稳定，导致越来越混乱，给其他部落可乘之机侵入了国家，同时形成恶性循环。

　　解析：

　　就文章题材而言，是TPO和托福考试中经常出现的题材类型，文章出现了较多的比较，所以文章内容一旦没有抓住就很容易混淆，从结构上来下手会比较简单。

　　相关文章：

　　The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

　　Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

　　Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

　　The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

　　第三篇

　　题材划分： 生物类文章

　　主要内容：

　　昆虫，有的昆虫没有眼睛，有复眼，都有独立的感觉神经，越多越敏感，雄性雌性数量多，而除了复眼之外还有一些simple eyes来感受昏暗的光，还有触角，根据不同的虫子有不同的功能，最后一段讲了母虫用触角感受外激素去找公虫。

　　解析：

　　生物类文章考察的频率比较高，难度系数往往也不会太高，三篇中的最后一篇要稍微注意一下时间。

　　相关文章：

　　Spartina

　　These natural salt marshes are among the most productive habitats in the marine environment. Nutrient-rich water is brought to the wetlands during each high tide, making a high rate of food production possible. As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass. Each tidal cycle carries plant material into the offshore water to be used by the subtidal organisms.

　　Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. It spreads primarily by underground stems; colonies form when pieces of the root system or whole plants float into an area and take root or when seeds float into a suitable area and germinate. Spartina establishes itself on substrates ranging from sand and silt to gravel and cobble and is tolerant of salinities ranging from that of near freshwater (0.05 percent) to that of salt water (3.5 percent). Because they lack oxygen, marsh sediments are high in sulfides that are toxic to most plants. Spartina has the ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a form of sulfur that the plant can use; this ability makes it easier for the grass to colonize marsh environments. Another adaptive advantage is Spartina’s ability to use carbon dioxide more efficiently than most other plants.

　　These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally. The plant functions as a stabilizer and a sediment trap and as a nursery area for estuarine fish and shellfish. Once established, a stand of Spartina begins to trap sediment, changing the substrate elevation, and eventually the stand evolves into a high marsh system where Spartina is gradually dsplaced by higher-elevation, brackish-water species. As elevation increases, narrow, deep channels of water form throughout the marsh. Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites.

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