2016年托福语法解析：名词

　　2016年托福语法解析：名词

　　正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容

　　1. 重要的名詞

　　(1)重要的可數名詞

　　discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change

　　(2)常见的不可数名词

　　① 流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil

　　② 自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]

　　③ 微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust

　　④ 抽象名词：intelligence(情报), evidence, wisdom, advice

　　⑤ 学科：mathematics, economics, statistics (统计学，作统计数据讲时可数), physics, politics, mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology， geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history

　　⑥ 医学疾病：measles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), diabetes(糖尿病)

　　⑦ 总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising(广告业), health

　　例题: 交易

　　Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.

　　答案: C an advertisingàadvertising

　　(3)常见不规则单复数，一般考复数

　　man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases, analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena

　　(4)常见的单复数同形的名词(注意鱼!好多鱼~)

　　aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,(sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish)

　　·-craft后缀单复数相同

　　(5)只能用复数的名词：

　　clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers

　　集合名词：people(人们，作民族时可数), folk(人们), cattle(牛), police, livestock(牲畜)

　　(6)单复数意义不同的名词

　　air- airs(气派) good(好处，利益)- goods(货物) part- parts(才能，划线永远对)

　　mean(均值/中间)- means(手段/财富) arm- arms(武器) custom(习俗)- customs(海关)

　　letter- letters(文学) spectacle(光景)- spectacles(眼镜) force- forces(武装部队)

　　water- waters(水域，划线永远对) sky- skies(气候)

　　(7)既有可数又有不可数]的名词(注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象)

　　sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, action

　　work(工作，作品)- works(工厂，工程，工事，著作) area(面积)- areas(区域，领域)

　　time(时间)- times(倍数，此书，时代) paper(纸)- papers(报告，文件)

　　collection(不同种收藏品组成的集)- collections(同种藏品的集) room(空间)- rooms(房间)

　　18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers (报纸种类) art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts

　　land(面积)-lands(区域)

　　注意：* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages(饮料)