类型：学习教育
题目总量：200万+
软件评价：
下载版本
A long list of scientists helped to “classify” the races.Among them were some of the famous names of the 18th and 19th centuries: Linnaeus, Cuvier, Haeckel, Huxley and Buffon.Although their classifications rarely agreed, many accepted that the races were fundamentally different and could be arranged with Caucasians at the top.
Only after the Darwinian evolution and the emergence of genetics did the notion of a league table start to crumble.By the 1940s, UNESCO could emphatically state: "Racism falsely claims that there is a scientific basis for arranging groups hierarchically in terms of psychological and cultural characteristics that are immutable and innate.”
That groups cannot be arranged hierarchically does not mean that anthropologists cannot set up classifications which divide people into different groups, or that such classifications will not be useful, as several of our latter writers point out.For example, they can provide vital tools (along with language distribution) to reconstruct the prehistoric movements of peoples.Where genetic data are available, these reconstructions can be greatly refined.
In other contexts, such classifications are misleading.Many of the differences they record (including facial features, skin and hair color) are most probably superficial adaptations to local climate.Although useful as indicators of the origin of different groups, they imply nothing fundamental about differences between them.
Attempts to assess more important differences between groups (of any number of cognitive abilities, for example) always come to the same very well-known conclusion that the differences between individuals within one racial group are much larger than the differences between the average members of two such groups.
What this means is that it is impossible to say anything about a particular individual’s ability because of his or her race (however, defined) because the spread of variation within a race is larger than the average difference between races.Racism can thus receive no support from science, even though a classification of races can be scientifically useful.
Lay people sometimes put more faith in the concept of race than scientists do, perhaps because they believe they can quite easily identify a person's race or even nationality.But it's not that easy: our correspondent from Le Vesinet, for example, identified some of the people in our recent feature (“Genes in Black and White”）as Australian, Sicilian, Sumatran and Brazilian.In fact, they came from Sweden, Greece, the Central African Republic and Russia.
单选题第1题The phrase “steamed up” underlined in Paragraph 1 means________.
A.vaporized
B.interested
C.agitated
D.scared
参考答案：C
答案解析：词义界定。短语steamed up出现在第一段第一句“Why do readers of New Scientist continue to get steamed up about race”，对于这个问题的原因，随后有一句 “But all too often discussions of ‘race' lead to ‘racism'，and tempers begin to fray”可供参考。于是，语义逻辑就清楚了：为什么《新科学家》的读者对于种族问题一直……呢？（因为）
关于种族的讨论往往沦为“种族主义”，于是，人们渐渐沉不住气了。根据原因推导，steamed up的意思是“生气，激动，怒火中烧”，因此选择C。
单选题第2题Before the 18th century, the word “race” was used________.
A.to describe the people of common origin and culture
B.by anthropologists for classifications of races
C.to indicate the hierarchy of different groups
D.rarely by ordinary people
参考答案：A
答案解析：细节识别。根据第一段 “Before the 18th century, race merely described a group of
common cultural origin, not one defined by immutable characteristics” 可知，十八世纪前，
种族一词仅用来描述一群有共同文化渊源的人，而非用一成不变的特征来界定。其中的 a group of common cultural origin 和选项 A 的 the people of common origin and culture
属于近义表述（或曰换语重述）。
单选题第3题Some Western colonizers thought that they were________.
A.arrogant
B.weak
C.inferior
D.superior
参考答案：D
答案解析：细节识别。根据第一段 “This usage changed as the Western powers colonized Asia
and Africa and needed a way to characterize the peoples they subjected as not only different,
but inferior”可知，随着西方列强在亚洲和非洲的殖民，他们需要一种方式来描述那些受他们奴役的人民，这些人不仅非我族类，而且是劣等民族。于是，种族的用法改变了。题干部分提到的是colonizers（殖民者），那么在他们看来，自己是优等民族（superior），所以选择D
单选题第4题The classification of races by famous 18th- and 19th-century scientists were ________.
A.useful
B.hierarchical
C.valuable
D.significant
参考答案：B
答案解析：语义推理。根据第二段 “Although their classifications rarely agreed, many accepted
that the races were fundamentally different and could be arranged with Caucasians at the
top”可知，尽管对他们的分类很少达成一致意见，但许多人都接受的观点是：种族之间存在根本性区别，而白种人（高加索人）至上。根据at the top可判断，他们认为种族之间存在等级，有高下之分。故B为正确选项。
单选题第5题The Darwinian evolution and the emergence of genetics helped to ________.
A.promote the notion of a league table
B.get rid of the notion of a league table
C.establish the UNESCO
D.arrange groups hierarchically
参考答案：B
答案解析：细节识别。根据第三段 “Only after the Darwinian evolution and the emergence of
genetics did the notion of a league table start to crumble”可知，只有在达尔文进化论和遗传学出现后，种族排行的概念才开始瓦解，据此可以判断，选项B与本句意义相近。
单选题第6题The classifications of races by anthropologists are useful in that they________.
A.divide people into different groups
B.help to define prehistoric human movements
C.contribute to language distribution
D.provide tools for the study of prehistoric human movements
参考答案：D
答案解析：细节识别。本题的答案出现在第四段。本段首先提到人类学家的分类并非一无是
处，然后举例说明这些分类可以提供关键的工具，（与语言分布一起）重塑史前人们
的活动，即选项D表述的内容。
单选题第7题Anthropologists’ classifications are sometimes misleading because they________.
A.imply fundamental differences between groups
B.refine the reconstruction of prehistoric human movements
C.do not imply the basic differences between groups
D.tell nothing about the influence of local climate
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节识别。第五段第一句的such classifications衔接了第四段的anthropologists' classifications,因此两段分别讲述了人类学家分类的优缺点。本段所讲的缺点主要是他们记录的种族差异（包括面部特征、肤色及发色）大多都是归因于为了适应当地气候，有些肤浅，没有挖掘出不同种族的根本性区别（fundamental about differences between them）。这一表述与选项C一致。
单选题第8题Compared with differences between individuals within a group, the differences between groups are________.
A.much greater
B.smaller
C.more important
D.not clearly defined
参考答案：B
答案解析：细节识别。根据第六段 “the differences between individuals within one racial group are much larger than the differences between the average members of two such groups” 可知，一个种族内部个体之间的差异远大于两个种族之间一般成员间的差异。题干换了一种说法，因此选项B符合原意。
单选题第9题Racism receives little support from science because________.
A.a classification of races can be scientifically useful
B.an individual’s ability is determined by his or her race
C.the spread of variation within a race is larger
D.the notion of racism has already become insignificant
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节识别。本题问的是原因，因此需要继续从原文中检索与原因有关的内容。第七段中间部分提到种族内的差异大于种族间的平均差异，而选项C几乎是原句表述，因此该题比较简单。
单选题第10题Which of the following is the appropriate title of the passage?.
A.How to Get Rid of Racism
B.New Scientist
C.The Concept of Race
D.Reasons for Racism
参考答案：C
答案解析：补充标题。第一段以设问提出race的定义问题；第二段指出race的分类引发的争议；第三段引用联合国教科文组织的声明说明种族主义观点是谬误；第四段说明人类学家对种族的分类有其用途；第五段说明上述分类有误导性；第六段通过比较种族内差异与种族间差异进一步证明分类的缺陷；第七段证明种族主义没有科学依据；最后一段说明普通人对种族差异的看法是片面甚至错误的。综上，本文就种族的定义、分类、认识展开讨论，而标题的目的是使读者了解到文章的主要内容和主旨。因此选项C符合原意。
涉及考点
2020翻译三级综合能力考试大纲
二、阅读理解
相关题库
| 题库产品名称 | 试题数量 | 优惠价 | 免费体验 | 购买 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022年翻译三级《英语笔译综合能力》考试题库 | 1870题 | ￥98.00 | 免费体检 | 立即购买 |
你可能感兴趣的试题
- · Without the friction between our feet and the ground, we may not be able to walk. 查看答案
- · By providing people with information about their electricity use down to every查看答案
- · According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population查看答案
- · He was a scientist who claimed to have a miracle cure and was then查看答案
- · If you want to understand what life expectancy is decreasing 查看答案
微信扫码关注焚题库
-
历年真题
历年考试真题试卷，真实检验
-
章节练习
按章节做题，系统练习不遗漏
-
考前试卷
考前2套试卷，助力抢分
-
模拟试题
海量考试试卷及答案，分数评估