The day this small town told its residents to stop drinking the water,life on Glendale
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That late July day,this town along the banks of the Kalamazoo River became the latest community affected by a ubiquitous class of compounds known as polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances,or PFAS.For years,calls for the federal government to regulate the chemicals have been unsuccessful,and last year the Trump administration tried to block
publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure.
The man-made chemicals have long been used in a wide range of consumer products,including nonstick cookware,water-repellent fabrics and grease-resistant paper products,as well as in firefighting foams.But exposures have been associated with an array of health problems,among them thyroid disease,weakened immunity,infertility risks and certain cancers.The compounds do not break down in the environment.
In Parchment,Where they were once used by a long-Shuttered paper mill,tests found PFAS levels in the water system in excess of 1,500 parts per trillion-more than 20 times the Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended lifetime exposure limit of 70 parts Per trillion.Local officials promptly alerted residents.Michigan officials declared a state of emergency.People started picking up free cases of bottled water at the high school.Within Weeks,the town abandoned the municipal wells that had served 3,000 people and began getting water from nearby Kalamazoo."This is not a problem you can run away from,"Said Parchment resident Tammy Cooper,Who has become an outspoken advocate for better
regulation.“There are Parchments across the country.”
Harvard University researchers say public drinking-water supplies serving more than 6 million Americans have tested for the chemicals at or above the EPA’s threshold-Which many experts argue should be far lower to safeguard public health.The level is only an agency guideline;the federal government does not regulate PFAS.The compounds’ presence
has rattled communities from Hoosick Falls,N.Y,to Tucson.They have been particularly prevalent on or near military bases,Which have long used PFAS-laden foams in training exercises.
Both houses of Congress held hearings on the problem last year,and lawmakers introduced bins to compel the government to test for PFAS chemicals nationwide and to respond wherever water and soil polluted by them are found.In late November,the head of the EPA vowed that the agency would soon unveil a“national strategy”to address the situation.Affected communities are still waiting.“There are some very real human impacts
from this stuff;”said Erik Olson,a drinking-Water expert for the Natural Resources Defense Council.“Most people have no idea they are being exposed.”
Michigan is one of the few states where officials are trying to determine the extent of PFAS contamination.Health officials undertook statewide tests this year across 1,380 public Water Supplies and at more than 400 schools that operate their own wells.“When we look for it,We tend to find it,"said Eden Wells,the state’s chief medical executive.Yet detection raises difficult questions,given the lack of regulation involving PFAS in water and the evolving research on its long-term health effects.“Many of our responses are outstripping the scientific knowledge we need,”Wells said.
More is known about two particular types of the chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),Which companies phased out years ago amid growing evidence that both were ending up in the blood of nearly every American.But thousands of other PFAS chemicals remain in use-among the many threats,including arsenic and lead,to drinking water nationwide.
单选题第1题The phrase“fretted over”underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably means ______ .
A.moved over
B.worried about
C.talked about
D.thought over
参考答案：B
答案解析：
单选题第2题According to Paragraph 2,last year the Trump administration .
A.tried to regulate the chemicals
B.failed to regulate the chemicals
C.tried to cover the truth about the chemicals
D.tried to support publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure
参考答案：C
答案解析：
单选题第3题Exposures to the man-made chemicals have been associated with the following health Problems EXCEPT______ .
A.inability to get pregnant
B.cancers
C.destruction of immune system
D.thyroid disease
参考答案：C
答案解析：
单选题第4题In the sentence“There are Parchments across the country.”underlined in Paragraph 4,the author uses the rhetorical device termed______.
A.personification
B.metaphor
C.simile
D.hyperbole
参考答案：B
答案解析：
单选题第5题The word “rattled”underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably means ______ .
A.involved
B.devastated
C.concerned
D.panicked
参考答案：D
答案解析：
单选题第6题Which of the following statements is NOT true of PFAS?
A.It is a ubiquitous class of compounds.
B.Its minimum level of lifetime exposure set by EPA is 70 parts per trillion.
C.It is not regulated by the federal government.
D.It affects more than 6 million Americans.
参考答案：D
答案解析：
单选题第7题The author’s attitude toward EPA seems to be______.
A.confident
B.supportive
C.doubtful
D.objective
参考答案：C
答案解析：
单选题第8题The last sentence of Paragraph 7 implies that______.
A.health officials are trying to detect PFAS with the needed scientific knowledge
B.health officials are trying to look for the scientific knowledge they need
C.research on PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
D.regulation involving PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
参考答案：C
答案解析：
单选题第9题From the last paragraph,We learn that PFOS and PFOA______.
A.are known by more people
B.are not PFAS chemicals
C.are no longer in use
D.are found in the blood of nearly every American
参考答案：C
答案解析：
单选题第10题The main idea of the passage is______.
A.PFAS is giving rise to growing concerns nationwide
B.the federal government should do more to regulate PFAS
C.PFAS is posing threats to drinking water nationwide
D.PFAS should be banned by the federal government
参考答案：B
答案解析：
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2020翻译二级笔译综合能力考试大纲
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