There are many countries around the world adopting the principle of sustainable development
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问答题【2017年真题】（2017下）There are many countries around the world adopting the principle of sustainable development. When put into practice, it helps combat environmental deterioration in air quality, water quality and terrestrial control. At the same time, its practice maintains habitat diversity, and it also helps improve poverty situations, controls over consumption and improves health and education. Finally, sustainable development promotes viable roles for all members of society, while improving the economic situation of developing countries. But some people argue that the use of the principles of sustainable development in developing countries overlooks the importance of local customs, traditions and people. Some other people believe that sustainable development is a vague term, and that some organizations use it to further their own interests, whether those interests are environmental or economic in nature. Countries that have relatively small, uncompetitive productive sectors tend to implement protectionist policies. Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a country's economic vitality while potentially weakening the economies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.
For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy. Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products, regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Protectionism's purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. But a disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don't have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long run,increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown.
For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy. Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products, regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Protectionism's purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. But a disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don't have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long run,increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown.
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2020翻译二级笔译实务考试大纲
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