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That late July day, this town along the banks of the Kalamazoo River became the latest community affected by a ubiquitous class of compounds known as polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS.For years, calls for the federal government to regulate the chemicals have been unsuccessful, and last year the Trump administration tried to block publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure.
The man-made chemicals have long been used in a wide range of consumer products, including nonstick cookware, water-repellent fabrics and grease-resistant paper products, as well as in firefighting foams.But exposures have been associated with an array of health problems, among them thyroid disease, weakened immunity，infertility risks and certain cancers.The compounds do not break down in the environment.
In Parchment，where they were once used by a long-shuttered paper mill，tests found PFAS levels in the water system in excess of 1,500 parts per trillion more than 20 times the Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended lifetime exposure limit of 70 parts per trillion.Local officials promptly alerted residents.Michigan officials declared a state of emergency.People started picking up free cases of bottled water at the high school.Within weeks, the town abandoned the municipal wells that had served 3,000 people and began getting water from nearby Kalamazoo.“This is not a problem you can run away from，” said Parchment resident Tammy Cooper，who has become an outspoken advocate for better regulation.“There are Parchments across the country.”
Harvard University researchers say public drinking-water supplies serving more than 6 million Americans have tested for the chemicals at or above the EPA’s threshold which many experts argue should be far lower to safeguard public health.The level is only an agency guideline; the federal government does not regulate PFAS.The compounds' presence has rattled communities from Hoosick Falls, N.Y., to Tucson.They have been particularly prevalent on or near military bases, which have long used PFAS-laden foams in training exercises.
Both houses of Congress held hearings on the problem last year, and lawmakers introduced bills to compel the government to test for PFAS chemicals nationwide and to respond wherever water and soil polluted by them are found.In late November, the head of the EPA vowed that the agency would soon unveil a “national strategy” to address the situation.Affected communities are still waiting.“There are some very real human impacts from this stuff，” said Erik Olson, a drinking-water expert for the Natural Resources Defense Council.“Most people have no idea they are being exposed.”
Michigan is one of the few states where officials are trying to determine the extent of PFAS contamination.Health officials undertook statewide tests this year across 1,380 public water supplies and at more than 400 schools that operate their own wells.“When we look for it, we tend to find it，” said Eden Wells, the state's chief medical executive.Yet detection raises difficult questions, given the lack of regulation involving PFAS in water and the evolving research on its long-term health effects.“Many of our responses are outstripping the scientific knowledge we need,” Wells said.
More is known about two particular types of the chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） and perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, which companies phased out years ago amid growing evidence that both were ending up in the blood of nearly every American.But thousands of other PFAS chemicals remain in use among the many threats, including arsenic and lead, to drinking water nationwide.
单选题第1题The phrase ''fretted over,9 underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably means______.
A.moved over
B.worried about
C.talked about
D.thought over
参考答案：B
答案解析：语义题。fret over意为“担忧”，故正确答案为B。
单选题第2题According to Paragraph 2, last year the Trump administration______.
A.tried to regulate the chemicals
B.failed to regulate the chemicals
C.tried to cover the truth about the chemicals
D.tried to support publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位第2段最后一句。分析语意可知，特朗普政府试图阻止一项研究的发表，该研究敦促将PFAS接触量标准降低，故正确答案为C （试图掩盖有关PFAS化学物质的真相）。
单选题第3题Exposures to the man-made chemicals have been associated with the following health problems EXCEPT______.
A.inability to get pregnant
B.cancers
C.destruction of immune system
D.thyroid disease
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位第3段第1句，第2句提到了与之相关的健康问题，与选项对比后可知C与原文（免疫力下降）不符，故正确答案为C（免疫系统 毁坏）。
单选题第4题In the sentence “There are Parchments across the country.” underlined in Paragraph 4,the author uses the rhetorical device termed______.
A.personification
B.metaphor
C.simile
D.hyperbole
参考答案：B
答案解析：修辞题。Parchments指代与Parchment遭遇相同的其他地方，故正确答案为B （暗喻）。
单选题第5题The word “rattled” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably means______.
A.involved
B.devastated
C.concerned
D.panicked
参考答案：D
答案解析：语义题。rattle意为“使恐惧”，故D为正确答案。
单选题第6题Which of the following statements is NOT true of PFAS?
A.It is a ubiquitous class of compounds.
B.Its minimum level of lifetime exposure set by EPA is 70 parts per trillion.
C.It is not regulated by the federal government.
D.It affects more than 6 million Americans.
参考答案：D
答案解析：推断题。根据选项定位第4、5段，仔细比对后可知D与原文不符，因为原文 提到“涉及600万美国人的饮用水得到检测”，而非受PFAS影响，故正确答案为D。
单选题第7题The author's attitude toward EPA seems to be ______.
A.confident
B.supportive
C.doubtful
D.objective
参考答案：C
答案解析：态度题。第6段第2句提到美国环保署署长发誓会很快出台“国家战略”， 但许多受感染的社区仍在等待，其中的双引号是对这种承诺的怀疑和讽刺，故正确答案为C。
单选题第8题The last sentence of Paragraph 7 implies that______.
A.health officials are trying to detect PFAS with the needed scientific knowledge
B.health officials are trying to look for the scientific knowledge they need
C.research on PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
D.regulation involving PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
参考答案：C
答案解析：推断题。根据语篇逻辑，此句是对前句的具体说明，即目前检测工作面临 困难，原因有二：缺乏对饮用水中PFAS含量的监管；缺乏有关PFAS对健康产 生长期影响的研究。此句字面意思为“我们的许多反应胜过我们所需的科学知 识”，科学知识是研究得来的，此句的隐含意义就是“研究不足，无法满足我们 的行动”，故正确答案为C。
单选题第9题From the last paragraph, we learn that PFOS and PFOA______.
A.are known by more people
B.are not PFAS chemicals
C.are no longer in use
D.are found in the blood of nearly every American
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节题。根据题干关键词定位最后一段，根据定语从句的语义可知：数年前各公司便己停止使用这两种化学物质，故C为正确答案。
单选题第10题The main idea of the passage is______ .
A.PFAS is giving rise to growing concerns nationwide
B.the federal government should do more to regulate PFAS
C.PFAS is posing threats to drinking water nationwide
D.PFAS should be banned by the federal government
参考答案：B
答案解析：主旨题。本文主要讲述了PFAS可能带来的健康危害以及联邦政府对此问题 的重视不足，作者借此呼吁政府采取管控措施，故正确答案为B。
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