Chronobiology might sound a little futuristic like something from a science
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This can take many forms. Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns.Animals tend to be active or inactive depending on the position of the sun or moon.Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnalthat is, they like to come out during the hours of sunlight. Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums, prefer to forage by night. A third group are known as crepuscular: they thrive in the low- light of dawn and dusk and remain inactive at other hours.
When it comes to humans, chrono-biologists are interested in what is known as the circadian rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many other factors such as changes in blood pressure and body temperature. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. ‘Night people’, for example, often describe how they find it very hard to operate during the morning, but become alert and focused by evening. This is a benign variation within circadian rhythms known as a chronotype.
Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Plants appear no more malleable in this respect; studies demonstrate that vegetables grown in season and ripened on the tree are far higher in essential nutrients than those grown in greenhouses and ripened by laser.
Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many pragmatic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to subjugate biology after all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills, energy drinks, shift work and cities that never sleep? keeping in synch with our body clock is important.
The average urban resident, for example, rouses at the eye-blearing time of 6.04 a.m.,which researchers believe to be far too early. One study found that even rising at 7.00 a.m. has deleterious effects on health unless exercise is performed for 30 minutes afterward.The optimum moment has been whittled down to 7.22 a.m.; muscle aches, headaches and moodiness were reported to be lowest by participants in the study who awoke then.
Once you’re up and ready to go, what then? If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds, dieticians are adamant: never skip breakfast. This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in starvation mode. The recommended course of action is to follow an intense workout with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast; the other way round and weight loss results are not as pronounced.
Morning is also great for breaking out the vitamins. Supplement absorption by the body is not temporal-dependent, but naturopath Pam Stone notes that the extra boost at breakfast helps us get energized for the day ahead. For improved absorption, Stone suggests pairing supplements with a food in which they are soluble and steering clear of caffeinated beverages. Finally, Stone warns to take care with storage; high potency is best for absorption, and warmth and humidity are known to deplete the potency of a supplement.
After-dinner espressos are becoming more of a tradition we have the Italians to thank for that but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven-hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces.
Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietician Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five carbohydrate-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. Overloading your gut could lead to indigestion, though. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient.
单选题第1题According to this essay, humans are .
A.nocturnal
B.crepuscular
C.diurnal
D.perennial
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据文中第2段 “Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnal”可知，C为正确答案。nocturnal意为“夜间活动的”；crepuscular意为“黄昏（或黎明）活动的”；diurnal意为“日间活动的”；perennial表示“长期的、永久的”。答案为C。
单选题第2题The underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph2means .
A.active at night
B.active in twilight
C.active during the day
D.continually occurring
参考答案：A
答案解析：根据文中第2段 “Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums”，可以推断出nocturnal是在夜间活动的意思，因此答案为A。
单选题第3题Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.Chronobiology is the study of how living things have evolved over time.
B.The rise and fall of sea levels affects how sea creatures behave.
C.Circadian rhythms identify how we do different things on different days.
D.New therapies can permanently change circadian rhythms without causing harm.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据原文第2段中的“Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns”可知，B项正确。根据第1段可知 Chronobiology is the study about “short-term rhythms of time and their effect on flora and fauna”，故A项错误；根据第3段“（…circadian rhythm.) This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day”可知，C项错误；根据第4段的“for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time”可知，这种疗法对身体有害，所以D项错误。答案为B。
单选题第4题What did researchers identify as the ideal time to wake up in the morning?
A.6:04
B.7:00
C.7:22
D.7:30
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据题目定位至原文第6段。C为正确答案。
单选题第5题In order to lose weight, we should .
A.avoid eating breakfast
B.eat a low carbohydrate breakfast
C.exercise before breakfast
D.exercise after breakfast
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据题目定位至原文第7段的“If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds”。从第7段全段来分析，减肥的要义在于：不能错过早餐，在高强度运动后吃富含碳水化合物的早餐。所以C为正确答案。
单选题第6题Which is NOT mentioned as a way to improve supplement absorption?
A.Avoiding drinks containing caffeine while taking supplements.
B.Taking supplements at breakfast.
C.Taking supplements with foods that can dissolve them.
D.Storing supplements in a cool, dry environment.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题目中的“to improve supplement absorption”定位至原文第8段，可以得出：为了提高吸收率，建议将补充剂与可溶食物配合饮用；避免含咖啡因饮料；要注意储存，温暖和潮湿会影响补剂的吸收。所以答案为B。
单选题第7题The best time to stop drinking coffee is .
A.mid-afternoon
B.10 p.m.
C.only when feeling anxious
D.after dinner
参考答案：A
答案解析：根据题目中的“best time to stop drinking coffee”可以定位至原文第9段的“for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m.”，因此A为正确答案。
单选题第8题In the evening, we should .
A.stay away from carbohydrates
B.stop exercising
C.eat as much as possible
D.eat a light meal
参考答案：D
答案解析：根据文中最后一段可知，晚上人的消化速度会放慢，因此要吃少，所以D为正确答案。
单选题第9题Which of the following phrases best describes the main purpose of this essay?
A.to suggest healthier ways of eating, sleeping and exercising
B.to describe how modem life has made chronobiology largely irrelevant
C.to introduce chronobiology and describe some practical applications
D.to plan a daily schedule that can alter our natural chronobiological rhythms
参考答案：C
答案解析：本文一开始解释了什么是生物钟，然后给出了一些具体的时间及饮食建议，因此正确答案为C。
单选题第10题Which of the following is the best title of this easy?
A.Making time for science
B. About chronobiology
C. How to shed your extra pounds
D. Caffeine and sleep
参考答案：A
答案解析：全文先介绍了什么是时间生物学，然后就时间生物学的研究给出了许多时间安排方面的建议。B、C、D都只是文章中的部分内容。答案为A。
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