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Neurotechnology has long been a favorite of science-fiction writers. In Neuromancer, a wildly inventive book by William Gibson written in 1984, people can use neural implants to jack into the sensory experiences of others. The idea of a neural lace, a mesh that grows into the brain，was conceived by Iain M. Banks in his “Culture” series of novels. The Terminal Man by Michael Crichton, published in 1972, imagines the effects of a brain implant on someone who is convinced that machines are taking over from humans. (Spoiler: not good.)
Where the sci-fi genre led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck's lab at the University of Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Conventionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and depriving the patient of a sense of control. The lab's ethicist, Tim Brown, a doctoral student of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of alienation and complain of feeling like a robot.
To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements as a trigger for turning the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than slur his words.
Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the bolder visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realised. Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project, in this case a neural speech prosthesis being developed by a consortium of European researchers. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating out what they want to say from what they think.
That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking? Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for research purposes now but may be decipherable in detail at some point in the future? Where does accountability lie if a user does something wrong? And if brain implants are performed not for therapeutic purposes but to augment people's abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place?
For some, these sorts of questions cannot be asked too early: more than any other new technology, BCIs may redefine what it means to be human. For others, they are premature.“The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a question for the next decades, not years,” says Thomas Cochrane, a neurologist and director of neuroethics at the Centre for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School.
In truth, both arguments are right. It is hard to find anyone who argues that visions of whole-brain implants and Al-human symbiosis are impossible to realize; but harder still to find anyone who thinks something so revolutionary will happen in the near future.
单选题第1题In Neuromancer, what can neural implants do（）?
A.It can make a mesh grow into brain.
B.People can use neural implants to enter into the sensory experiences of others.
C.People can use neural implants to control people's thought.
D.It can help people produce a neural lace.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题干中的neuromancer和选项中的neural implants可直接定位至第1段。题目问神经植入物能做什么，第二句话提到，在《神经漫游者》中，人们可以使用神经植入物进入他人的感官体验，因此排除C项“控制人的思想”。选项A与D中出现的mesh、neural lace是Iain M. Banks在他的“文化”系列小说中提到的内容，与题目无关，所以正确答案为B。
单选题第2题What does The Terminal Man written by Michael Crichton imagine（）?
A.Machines have taken over from humans.
B.A brain implant will make a good effect on human.
C.Machines with a brain implant are taking over from human.
D.Human will get on well with machines in the future.
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据题干中的The Terminal Man，Michael Crichton可定位至第1段。题目问在《终极人》中，Michael Crichton构想了什么。第四句中说Michael Crichton在1972年出版的《终极人》中想象了大脑植入物对人类的影响，在该著作中，机器正在一步步掌控人类。A项“机器已经掌控了人类”，描述有误，与原文不符；B、D两项在文中未提及；只有C项与原文相符。
单选题第3题What can we know from the description of Paragraph 2（）?
A.Researchers are working on an implanted device to waste energy.
B.An implanted device can utilize deep-brain stimulation to treat movement disorder.
C.DBS patients enjoy a sense of alienation and a feeling like a robot.
D.An implanted device can treat a common language disorder.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题干定位至第2段。题目问从第2段的描述中，我们能了解到什么。研究人员研发植入式设备是为了治疗运动障碍，而非浪费能量，A项表述错误；C项“DBS患者很享受隔离与像机器人的感觉”，与原文内容相反；D项“植入式设备能治疗语言紊乱”，与原文不符。因此正确答案为B项“植入式设备利用深部脑刺激（DBS）来治疗被称为特发性震颤的一种常见的运动障碍”，其与原文一致。
单选题第4题According to Tim Brown, how do DBS patients feel（）?
A.Excited.
B.Relaxed.
C.Uncomfortable.
D.Curious.
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据题干中的Tim Brown，DBS patients定位至第2段。题目问的是根据Tim Brown所言，DBS患者有什么感觉。该段最后一句说“一些DBS患者会感到有一种疏离感并抱怨感觉自己像一个机器人”，可见DBS患者感受并不好，因此只有C项符合该句表达的含义，A项“兴奋的”、B项“放松的”、D项“好奇的”皆不符合该句表达的含义。
单选题第5题What do the researchers at the University of Washington expect to do（）?
A.To use a neuronal activity with intentional movements as a trigger for turning the device on.
B.To enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings.
C.To use neuronal activity override these settings.
D.To use a conscious thought for turning the device on.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题干定位至第3段。题目问华盛顿大学的研究人员希望做什么。该段第二句的意思是：研究人员还希望让患者能够使用有意识的思维过程来覆盖这些设置。A项“利用与故意运动相关的神经元活动作为打开装置的触发器”，是研究人员现在正在做的事，与题目不符；C项“用神经元活动覆盖设置”，与原文不符；D项“用有意识思维打开装置”，与原文不符。因此只有B项正确。
单选题第6题Which of the following is NOT true in Paragraph 4（）?
A.Hannah Maslen’s job is to distinguish inner speech from public speech.
B.Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is an ethicist who works on a DBS project.
C.People need a dependable mechanism for separating out what they want to say from what they think.
D.A neural speech prosthesis is developed by a consortium of European researchers.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题干定位至第4段。题目问在第4段中，哪一项是错误的，是一道细节题。A、C、D三个选项在该段中皆有体现，与原文一致。B项说“牛津大学的Hannah Maslen是一位从事DBS项目的伦理学家”，其中DBS与原文不符，应为BCI，故正确答案为B项。
单选题第7题Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a question of sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces（）?
A.Neural hacking.
B.Neural data and information.
C.Accountability.
D.Technical costs.
参考答案：D
答案解析：根据题干定位至第5段。题目问作为科幻版脑-机接口的问题，以下哪一项未被提及。该段中提出了科幻版脑-机接口的四个问题：神经黑客、神经数据及信息、问责以及大脑植入物会引发世界不平等。A、B、C三个选项符合原文，D项“技术成本”在文中未提及，因此正确答案为D项。
单选题第8题Why can't some sorts of questions be asked too early for some people（）?
A.These questions have been solved.
B.BCIs may redefine what it means to be human more than any other new technology.
C.More than any other new technology, BCIs will not take human into consideration.
D.These questions don't exist at all.
参考答案：B
答案解析：根据题干定位至第6段。题目问为什么对有些人来说一些问题不能问得太早。A项“问题已经被解决”与D项“问题根本不存在”，在该段均未提及；C项“比起其他新科技，BCIs将不会考虑人类”与原文不符；B项“比起任何其他新技术，BCI可能会重新定义人类的意义”与原文一致。因此正确答案为B项。
单选题第9题What does Thomas Cochrane want to tell us（）?
A.The societal-justice problem will not be solved forever.
B.People who get access to enhanced memory or vision will be stronger.
C.The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a long-term problem.
D.The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a short-term problem.
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据题干定位至第6段。题目问的是Thomas Cochrane想要告诉我们什么。该段第三句中，Thomas Cochrane说“谁能获得增强记忆或视力的社会公平问题是未来几十年的问题，而不是几年”，与C项一致，D项正好与C相反，A、B两项在该段均未提及。因此正确答案为C项。
单选题第10题Which of the following adjectives best describes the author's attitude towards arguments in Paragraph 6（）?
A.Objective.
B.Biased.
C.Negative.
D.Positive.
参考答案：A
答案解析：根据题干定位至第7段。题目问以下哪个形容词最能描述作者对第6段中论点的态度。第7段第一句说“事实上，这两个论点都是正确的”，并分别给出了理由，可见作者对待事情客观的态度，故选A项。B项为“有偏见的”；C项为“否定的”；D项为“肯定的”。答案为A。
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