The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five- sixths of the
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Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained effective independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion within the British Empire, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. Anew constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became Ireland. In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.
Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. After joining the European Economic Community in 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.
In 2011 and 2013, Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non- alignment.
The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2 percent since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1 percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2 percent in the 2002-2006 period，which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average annual growth rate of 1.6 percent.
Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second-most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979. However, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society. In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”，subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average. Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, and race is illegal. Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively, and Ireland has the second-highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.
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2020翻译三级笔译实务考试大纲
一、英译汉
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