Often conjuring images of dank, smelly, mosquito-infested wastelands, upon closer look,
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Many ecologically and economically important species call wetlands home for at least part of their lives. For instance, commercially important fish and shellfish, including shrimp,blue crab, oysters, salmon, trout, and seatrout rely on, or are associated with, wetlands.Wetlands are also critical habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl, including ducks, egrets,and geese. In fact, more than one-third of the species listed as threatened or endangered in the United States live solely in wetlands and nearly half use wetlands at some point in their lives. As such, many wetlands are often recognized as important conservation or restoration targets.
While covering only six percent of the Earth's surface, wetlands provide a disproportionately high number of ecosystem services, in addition to maintaining biodiversity. For instance, wetlands also mitigate floods, protect coastal areas from storms,improve water quality, recharge groundwater aquifers, serve as sinks, sources, or transformers of materials, and produce food and goods for human use. When evaluating the economic value of these various functions, scientists concluded that the economic value provided by wetland ecosystems exceeded that provided by lakes, streams, forests, and grasslands and was second only to that provided by coastal estuaries.
With mitigation, wetlands are created, restored, or enhanced to replace wetland loss due to development. The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty aimed at conserving wetlands, requires member countries to develop national wetland policies, to establish wetland reserves, and to designate one or more wetlands as an area of international importance. All these efforts are designed to protect or conserve wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide.
In coastal wetlands, tidal influence drives the movement and distribution of water and can range from permanent flooding in subtidal wetlands to less frequent flooding in others, with changes in water level occurring daily or semi-daily. Inland wetlands, which lack daily tidal influences, can also be permanently flooded on one extreme or intermittently flooded on the other extreme, with fluctuations over time often occurring seasonally. It is the balance of water inflows and outflows, or the water budget, as well as the geomorphology and soils that determine the timing，duration, and patterns of flooding in a wetland.
单选题第1题According to the passage, a wetland is a/an______.
A.economy
B.ecosystem
C.community
D.wasteland
参考答案：B
答案解析：细节题。分析第1段第1句主干可知wetlands are...ecosystem，故选B。
单选题第2题Of all the following, only a______is a vertebrate.
A.lily
B.goose
C.spruce
D.mollusk
参考答案：B
答案解析：推断题。本题可通过上下文的线索判断。从第1段第2句的介绍可知lily和spruce是植物，湿地的植物滋养多种无脊椎动物，从而为脊椎动物提供食物，由第3句中from...to...一可知是由低级到高级的介绍，由此可判断to后出现的geese为处于食物链高端的脊椎动物。故选B。
单选题第3题A dragonfly is a carnivore because its menu includes ______.
A.insects
B.cattails
C.muskrats
D.seatrouts
参考答案：A
答案解析：常识题。 carnivore是指食肉动物、食虫动物。通过常识判断蜡蜒是以昆虫为食。故选A。
单选题第4题Wetlands are______for waterfowl and migratory birds.
A.important home
B.perilous territory
C.warm sanctuaries
D.occasional shelters
参考答案：A
答案解析：细节题。选项A与第2段第3句中的critical habitat为同义表达，故选A。
单选题第5题Shrimps and crabs are mentioned in the text for their ______.
A.biological undertone
B.economic importance
C.conservational value
D.environmental significance
参考答案：B
答案解析：细节题。第2段第2句中commercially important fish and shellfish的同义表达为economic importance，故选B。
单选题第6题Benefits of a wetland include ______.
A.protection of boundary
B.transfusion of materials
C.alleviation of floods
D.impairment of biodiversity
参考答案：C
答案解析：细节题。注意锁定同义表达。第3段第1句中ecosystem service等于benefits:第2句具体例证湿地的好处，其中mitigate floods与alleviation of floods对等。故选C。
单选题第7题Of all the ecosystem services wetlands provide, the most important one is ______.
A.producing food for humans
B.maintenance of biodiversity
C.improvement of water quality
D.refilling groundwater reservoirs
参考答案：B
答案解析：推断题。第3段第1句中in addition to引出湿地最重要的功能（维持生物多样性），除此以外湿地还提供了许多生态系统服务，比如改善水质、补给地下水含水层、为人类提供食物等，因此A、 C、 D为并列关系，应排除。故选B。
单选题第8题The last paragraph denotes______the entire passage.
A.a trivial supplement for
B.an obvious digression from
C.an underlining summary of
D.a pertinent development to
参考答案：D
答案解析：推断题。本文第3段阐述了湿地的生态系统服务功能所产生的价值，第4段提出保护湿地及其生态服务功能，最后一段在此基础上分别阐述了沿海湿地和内陆湿地洪水的特点，是对前文提到的湿地对水的调节功能的进一步阐释，故选D。
单选题第9题Twice in the excerpt the word “home” is used as a literary device called ______.
A.pun
B.simile
C.metaphor
D.personification
参考答案：C
答案解析：修辞题。 home一词分别出现在第1段第2句和第2段第1句，均是把湿地比作各种生物的家园。此处使用的修辞手法是比喻。故选co
单选题第10题The tone of this passage can be described as ______ .
A.neutral and scholarly
B.upbeat and enthusiastic
C.balanced and optimistic
D.satirical and level-headed
参考答案：A
答案解析：态度题。本文用中立、学术的语气为我们介绍了湿地的功能和价值，提出了保护湿地的重要性，通篇没有褒贬，只是客观陈述，故选A。
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