America’s more capitalist sports fans commonly acknowledge that their country’s
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It's a different story across the Atlantic, where many European soccer leagues have practices that would please an American conservative. There are few salary-cap rules, so a handful of rich teams tend to dominate annually. When a soccer team performs poorly, it is not rewarded with a high draft pick. Instead, the club is relegated to a less competitive league, a mighty blow to their revenue. Meanwhile the most successful teams from lower divisions are promoted to more competitive leagues where they can earn even more money.
For years, economists have wondered why America doesn’t share Europe’s socialist approach to government. But maybe ifs worth flipping the question: Why don't European sports share U.S.-style socialism? Why do European soccer leagues punish the downtrodden,while American sports are so soft on losers?
In their famous 2001 paper, “Why Doesn't The U.S. Have A European-Style Welfare State?” the economists Alberto Alesina, Edward Glaeser, and Bruce Sacerdote pointed out that public policies are an echo of national history. For example, in the U.S., the legacy of the 19th century’s “open frontier” made Americans skeptical of government intrusion，while the absence of an influential socialist party after World War Ⅱ made it difficult for leftist policies to take root.
By analogy, perhaps, one could look to history to see the origin of Europe's surprisingly free-market approach to sports. The rules of today's English Premier League can be traced to the late 19th century, when English soccer was in a period of rapid growth, with hundreds of English and Welsh clubs forming in several decades. Owners, players, and fans all recognized that the helter-skelter scheduling made it harder for people to plan their lives around soccer. In 1888, 12 teams banded together to form England’s first Football League. This provided a modicum of structure to the beautiful game, such as set schedules and guaranteed home games. In its original rules, the worst teams in the league had to apply for “reelection” to remain. Otherwise, one of England’s hundreds of other soccer teams could take their place. As the League grew in size and number of divisions, reelection evolved into a system of promotion and relegation a model that has taken hold in soccer leagues in Europe and around the world.
单选题第1题The underlined word “circumscribed” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .
A.restricted
B.influenced
C.stopped
D.interrupted
参考答案：A
答案解析：第1段最后一句的意思是：总的来说，成功会受到有意为之的惩罚，不幸会得到有意为之的回报，财富的力量受到开支上限的束缚。在本句中，A项表示“限制”；B项表示“影响”；C项表示“停止”；D项表示“打断、中断”；circumscribed表不“限制、约束”。答案为A。
单选题第2题Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?
A.Teams that are over-spending will not be punished by two leagues.
B.The National Football League and the National Basketball Association have some rules to narrow the gap between the rich and poor teams.
C.Some top players will be picked to go to the best-performing team from the previous year.
D.Revenue sharing shares out wealth among the poor teams.
参考答案：B
答案解析：本题根据第1段提问。第二句的意思是：工资上限和奢侈税限制了各支球队在球员身上的开销，超支会受到处罚，豪门和穷队之间的差距因此得以缩小。因此，A项错误。第三句表示：选秀状元一般都会去前一年战绩最差的球队。因此，C项错误。第四句表示：收入分享制度将财富在豪门和穷队之间重新分配。因此，D项错误。设置工资上限和奢侈税是国家橄榄球联盟和国家篮球协会的规定。答案为B。
单选题第3题According to the passage, there are in many European soccer leagues.
A.salary caps and luxury taxes
B.punishment on over-spending teams
C.a great gap between rich and poor teams
D.few salary-cap rules
参考答案：D
答案解析：文章第2段第二句表示欧洲足球联赛没有什么薪水上限的规定，所以屈指可数的几个豪门往往每年都处于主导地位。A、B、C项描述的是美国橄榄球联盟和篮球协会的特点。答案为D。
单选题第4题Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word “relegated” in Paragraph 2?
A.chosen
B.downgraded
C.reduced
D.introduced
参考答案：B
答案解析：第2段第三、四句表示如果一支球队踢得差，不会有优先的选秀权，而是会被降级到次级联赛，这对他们的收入来说是一个重大打击。A项表示“选择”，C项be reduced to表示“沦落为”，D项表示“介绍”，都与句意不符。relegated表不“降级”，downgraded与其意思相同，B项正确。
单选题第5题Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A.Players in European soccer leagues could earn more money than those in America.
B.America and Europe share the same socialist approach to government.
C.Teams in European soccer leagues will suffer no losses from being relegated to a less competitive league.
D.American sports are tolerant on losers.
参考答案：D
答案解析：第2段最后一句表示，次级联赛中最成功的队伍会升级到水平更高的联赛中，从而能赚更多的钱，并未与美国进行比较。因此，A项错误。第3段第一句表示，多年来经济学家一直好奇，美国为什么不在行政上学欧洲的社会主义方式。由此可以看出，美国和欧洲有不同的行政方式，因此，B项错误。第2段第三、四句表示，如果一支球队踢得差，不会有优先的选秀权，而是会被降级到次级联赛，这对他们的收入来说是一个重大打击。由此可以看出，欧洲足球联盟的成员如果被降级，确实会遭受一定的损失，因此，C项错误。第3段最后一句表示，欧洲足球联赛会惩罚垫底的球队，而美国体育对失利的球队非常宽容。因此D
项正确。
单选题第6题According to the passage, America and Europe have the following differences except .
A.salary-cap rules
B.socialist approach to government
C.revenue sharing
D.competition rules
参考答案：D
答案解析：由文章第1段可知美国橄榄球联盟和篮球协会制定了工资上限来限制球员的开销，而欧洲足球联盟并没有此项措施。因此A项属于二者的差异，A项排除。第3段中，经济学家一直好奇，美国为什么不在行政上学欧洲的社会主义方式。由此可以看出，美国和欧洲有不同的行政方式，因此，B项是二者差异，B项排除。第1段第四句表示收入分享制度将财富在豪门和穷队之间重新分配，而欧洲则没有此项决策。可以看出，美国和欧洲在收入分享制度上存在差异，因此，C项排除。D选项在文中并没有提到，因此D项正确。
单选题第7题According to the passage, which of the following statements mainly explains why the U.S. doesn't have a European-style welfare state?
A.Different national histories result in various public policies.
B.America has an influential socialism party.
C.Americans hold doubtful attitudes of government intrusion.
D.Leftist policies have difficulties in taking root in America.
参考答案：A
答案解析：第4段第一句中“《为什么美国没有欧洲式的福利制度》一文中表示，公共政策是国家历史的再现”的意思是由于历史的不同，美国和欧洲表现为截然不同的公共政策。因此A项正确。第4段第二句举例说明，在美国，19世纪“开放边疆”的遗产使得美国人对政府的干涉持怀疑态度，而由于二战后缺乏有影响力的社会主义政党，左派政策很难实现。因此B项错误。C、D项是针对A项举的例子，并不是美国没有欧洲式的福利制度的主要原因，因此C、D项错误。A项正确。
单选题第8题What’s the main idea of Paragraph 5?
A.12 teams united to form England’s first Football League in 1888.
B.The rules of today's English Premier League can be dated back to the late 19th century.
C.The worst team in the league had to apply for reelection to stay.
D.The origin of Europe's free-market approach to sports can be traced to history.
参考答案：D
答案解析：第5段第一句表示我们可以通过历史来看看欧洲对体育运动的这种出人意料的自由市场态度源自何处，后文接着用不同的历史事件对第一句加以解释和补充。因此，D项正确；A、B、C项都是对D项的延伸补充，并不是本段的主要内容。因此答案选D项。
单选题第9题The worst team in the league had to apply for reelection because .
A.they wanted to provide a structure to the football game
B.they were willing to have another competition
C.they would be easily replaced by other soccer teams
D.they would like to train their skills of playing soccer
参考答案：C
答案解析：第5段第六、七句表示，联赛成绩最差的几支队伍必须申请参加“再选”，这样才能留下来，否则，英格兰另外数百只足球队之一可能取代其位置。A项不符合题意；B、D项在文中并未提到。C项正确。
单选题第10题Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase "taken hold” in Paragraph 5?
A.taken against
B.taken aside
C.taken root
D.taken back
参考答案：C
答案解析：第5段最后一句表示，随着联赛规模和分级层次的发展，再选方案演变为升级和降级制度，这种模式已经在欧洲乃至全球足球联赛中确立下来。“taken hold”意思是“确立、生根”，在文中表示确立下来。A项表示“反对”，B项表示“放在一边”，D项表示“拿回、取消”，都与原句意思不符。C项表示“确立、扎根”，C项正确。
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