2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料：构词法
1.概念及种类：
英语单词的构成有一定的规律，这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种：合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。
|
种类 |
构成方法 |
例词 |
|
合成 |
由两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词 |
Classroom，newspaper，blackboard Schoolmate，newly-born，hard-working |
|
转化 |
由一词类转化为另一词类 |
taste，answer，back，hand，empty |
|
派生 |
在词根上加前缀或后缀 |
care，careful，carefully careless carelessness carelessly |
2.高中阶段主要构词方法归纳：派生法和合成法
(1)派生法
①常用前缀
|
表“否定” |
un- |
unfair unable unlikely |
|
in- |
impossible incapable | |
|
dis- |
discover disagree dislike dishonest | |
|
表“重复” |
re- |
rewrite retell repeat reconsider |
②常用后缀
|
类型 |
加法 |
后缀意义 |
例词 |
|
名 词 后 缀 |
-er/or -tion -ese -ist -ing -ment -ness -ian |
“动作的执行者” 变成了名词 “…地方的人” “人” 名词化 名词化 变为名词 变为“…的人” |
teacher visitor inventor organization congratulation invention Chinese Japanese pianist scientist violinist living greeting wedding movement treatment happiness illness sickness carelessness Australian |
|
动 词 后 缀 |
-ify -ice -ise -en |
使…变… |
beautify realise organise sacrifice lengthen strengthen |
|
形 容 词 后 缀 |
-able -ful -y -ive -al -an |
可…的，能…的 充满…的 带有…的 有…特征的 属于…的 …的 |
suitable comfortable movable beautiful careful useful sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty active,instructive musical medical physical American European Australian |
|
-ly |
副词后缀 |
carefully really certainly | |
|
数 词 后 缀 |
-teen |
表“十三至十九” |
fourteen fifteen nineteen |
|
-ty |
表“二十、三十…七十” |
forty sixty eighty | |
|
-th |
表“第几” |
fourth sixtieth ninth |
(2)合成法：
police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
what+ever=whatever
