2018年考研英语翻译模拟练习题（2）_第19页

　　36. In the early 1950’ s， historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. (4)

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

　　译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至 1800 年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，首次以众多的人数(杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据)，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。

　　解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from

　　roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远;第二个插入语是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

　　37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. (3+)

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

　　译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史(case history)来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度(这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度)，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。

　　解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的 case history 的。在 which 引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可以看这个插入语中又套了一个插入语but not confined to。

　　意群训练： Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories，which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

　　38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? (5)

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助?

　　解释：句首的 it 是形式主语，其具体内容是从 that 开始到句子结束的全部内容。That 从句中，主语 a historyian 之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中间被修饰第一个crime rates 的两个修饰成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century 分隔得很远。在with之后的第二个crime rates后面，省略了与前面重复的per thousand in a European city。

　　意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

　　39. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

　　译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。

　　解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成 B的意思。不过本句中as的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s live可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。插入语后面还有一个固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。

　　意群训练：My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

　　40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

　　即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配

　　解释：主语the requirement后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语;由于requirement的同位语中要求使用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be省略了 should)。如此之长的修饰成分过后，谓语can be met与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从by开始的状语结构更为复杂;修饰techniques的后置的定语derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants 实际上是由or 所连接的两个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二个derive from中还套了另外一个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二个 derive from 则干脆把 derive 给省略了。此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。

　　意群训练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

　　41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and

　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4)

　　但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。难句类型：复杂修饰

　　解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多;主语achieving necessary matches之后的修饰成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter 把主语和谓语 requires 分开。值得注意的是修饰宾主的 of which

　　molecules 中的 which 在此不是定语从句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意思是哪个。

　　群训练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

　　42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5)

　　伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词

　　解释：这是一个被 GRE 考生尊称为 No.题三大难文章之一的伊斯兰法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入语前后都不难，关键是如何对待这段插入语。首先，插入语很长，在原文中有四行。笔者在前面不只一次提醒读者，三行心目的插入语必须跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头

　　来看插入语。插入语难懂的第一个原因是其中混有大量的抽象词和法律术语;还有一个重要原因，那就是它其实不是一个完整的句子。把插入语中所有的修饰成分扒光，只剩下一个单词：coinsidences，而主语和谓语it has则被作者省略。不管从哪个角度上来看，这句话中的那个插入语都极像是ETS 布下的一个陷阱：首先，插入语的内容对理解文章毫无作用;

　　其次，考试中对插入语也出题;第三，其实这句话中的插入语根本不必读。也可以根据插入语前后的内容用合理化原则的取非读法猜出其意思。插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以 notwithstanding 开关，又有 of course,可见插入部分一定是让步证据，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。

　　句末的 in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena 中，包含一个倒装;正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词 adequately 被提到appreciate的宾语之前。

　　意群训练：Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

　　43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5)

　　尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》 (Talmud)极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。

　　难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、专有名词

　　解释：本句与上一句同来自于同一篇文章，本文的主题是伊斯兰法，但作者反复用犹太法来吓唬读者，同样 ETS 也未就此句话出题。这句话难读是因为两个原因：第一、作者在between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了

　　jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora时搞不清楚在什么与什么之间;第二个难懂的原因，是文中出现了大量的专有名词、法律术语和历史背景。其实读者除了Israel 和Jewish两个单词有必要也有可能认识之外，其他单词既不需要了解也无法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散时期)、Old Testament(旧约全书)、Talmud(犹太教法典)等奇怪名词，在非宗教国家的考生的大脑中，一点概念都没有，更不要说其英语的表达了。那么 ETS 的出题者在阅读文章中搞出这种东西来，不是有意违背公平出题原则之嫌了吗?其实出题者也并没有要求读者把这些内容搞清，只需知道前面那句话是一个判断句，说犹太法和伊斯兰法一致，后面这句话是对上面一句话的解释，因此肯定也在说它一致。再看第二句话的结构，上来就是一个用though表示的让步语气，我们可以看出在一个break between，那么逗号后就应该是省略了but的转折语气， 该说没有break between，果然我们看到了very close to 的字样。我们也知道，既有让步又有转折时，作者强调转折之后的内容。所以这句话仍是在说犹太法一致。

　　意群训练： Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law(这是作者加的便于理解的话). Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.