[问答题]Directions:
Recently one of your good friends, Wanglei, was elected Chairman of the Student Union. You are pleased to learn about this news, and now you write him a letter, expressing
1) your congratulations,
2) your confidence his abilities ,
3) and your encouragement to him.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Liming”instead. You do not need to write the address.
参考答案：
Dear Wanglei,
I' m greatly delighted to hear that recently you were elected Chairman of the Students Union. Yesterday when I was told of this news, I felt so proud of you.
I believe you ore the best candidate for the position. You constantly work hard and have excellent ability in organization and coordination of campus activities. What you did at the Student Union was very good in the last year . I also believe you are sure to display your outstanding talents in the future.
We will support you all the time. Our warmest congratulations!
Sincerely yours
Liming
参考解析：
亲爱的王磊：
①得知你最近当选学生会的主席我非常高兴。②昨天我得知了这个消息，我为你感到骄傲。
③我相信你是这个职位最合适的人选。④你工作一直都很认真努力并且有出色的组织和协调能力。⑤去年你在学生会所做的工作都非常出色。
⑥我也确信在接下来的日子你能展现出你杰出的能力。
⑦我们将会始终如一地支持你。⑧致以最诚挚的祝贺!
诚挚的，
李明
[单选题]
The technology sector has driven global markets this year.Now， it seems to be driving regulatory- decisions， too.
Consider the US Federal Communication Commission's decision last week to roll back “net neutrality” rules， the principles that specify that internet service providers must treat all online traffic the same.While FCC chair Ajit Pai， a former Verizon lawyer， says this is about moving back towards “light touch” regulation， it is also about changing the balance of power between tech and telecoms.It does this by allowing the largest internet service providers such as AT&T， Verizon， Sprint and T-Mobile to charge the cash-rich platform companies fees to move their traffic to the front of the digital queue.
This speaks to the huge power of the Fangs - Facebook， Amazon， Netflix and Google - which now dominate not just the digital business， but the entire economy.It is a power that has grown so quickly， and changed so much， that it is forcing a fundamental rethink of everything from antitrust policy to the rules that have governed the internet for more than 20 years.
Big tech platform companies， which have been the largest corporate beneficiaries of net neutrality， have until now worked both the social and economic arguments to their own advantage.They and many other supporters of net neutrality have argued that more power for the ISPs would suppress innovation on the internet and unfairly penalise small businesses.Yet a number of critics would argue that the Fangs themselves are a bigger risk to innovation than the telecoms companies， in large part because of the network effects that make them natural monopolies.The currency of the digital age is data， and its value grows exponentially.This allows the biggest players to become ever more dominant and able to suppress competition in innumerable ways.
All this serves as a reminder that many of the monopoly battles being waged these days are not confrontations between David and Goliath， but rather Goliath and Goliath.It is hard to argue that a vertical merger between content and pipe owners like Time Warner and AT&T is a good thing for competition， or for the little guy， even if you buy the idea that the goal of antitrust policy should be “consumer welfare”.But it seems inconsistent to go after AT&T without also going after the Fangs.
What is lost in all of this debate may well be the American consumer.Even if the US had an administration that cared about enforcing antitrust， policies based on outdated models that do not address the problems of the digital age will not even out the playing field.
Meanwhile， a rollback of net neutrality will not really hurt the Fangs -they can easily pay whatever fees the ISPs decide to charge.But it could create a premium and economy class internet for consumers.What we need is equal and consistent application of competition rules.That will probably mean coming up with new rules.
The vertical merger between Time Warner and AT&T is mentioned to______.
Ashow misconceptions about “consumer warfare”
Bpromote strict and consistent antitrust practice
Cdefend mergers between content and pipe owners
Dstress the importance of fair competition
参考答案：B
[单选题]
The revelations we publish about how Facebook's data was used by Cambridge Analytica to subvert the openness of democracy are only the latest examples of a global phenomenon.YouTube can not only profit from disturbing content but in unintended ways rewards its creation.The algorithms that guide viewers to new choices aim always to intensify the experience， and to keep the viewer excited.Recent research found that the nearly 9，000 YouTube videos explaining away American school shootings as the results of conspiracies using actors to play the part of victims had been watched， in total， more than 4bn times.Four billion page views is an awful lot of potential advertising revenue; it is also， in an embarrassingly literal sense， traffic in human misery and exploitation.
None of these problems is new， and all of them will grow worse and more pressing in the coming years， as the technology advances.Yet the real difficulty is not the slickness of the technology but the willingness of the audience to be deceived and its desire to have its prejudices gratified.Many of the most destructive videos on YouTube consist of one man roaring into a camera without any visual aids at all.Twitter uses no fancy technology yet lies spread across that network six times as fast as true stories.
Although Twitter and YouTube pose undoubted difficulties for democracies， it is Facebook that has borne the brunt of recent criticism， in part because its global ambitions have led it to expand into countries where it is essentially the only gateway to the wider internet.The company's ambitions to become the carrier of all content (and thus able to sell advertising against everything online) have led it inexorably into the position of being the universal publisher.
The difficulties of this position cannot be resolved by the facile idea of the “community values” to which Facebook appeals - and， anyway， that only begs the question： “Which community?” Mark Zuckerberg talks about a “global community” but such a thing does not exist and may never do so.Communities have different values and different interests， which sometimes appear existentially opposed.Almost all will define themselves， at least in part， against other communities.The task of reconciling the resulting conflicts is political， cultural and even religious ; it is not technological at all.For a private American advertising company to set itself up as the arbiter of all the world's political and cultural conflicts is an entirely vain ambition.
Into the vacuum left by Facebook's waffle， nation states are stepping.Many are keen to use surveillance capitalism for direct political ends.They must be resisted.The standards by which the internet is controlled need to be open and subject to the workings of impartial judiciaries.But the task cannot and will not be left to the advertising companies that at present control most of the content - and whose own judgments are themselves almost wholly opaque and arbitrary.
According to Paragraph 2，the problem's real challenge seems to be the fact that______.
Atechnology is evolving too fast
Bfake stories can hardly be curbed
Cplatforms have put little efforts in it
Dviewers often welcome false content
参考答案：D
[单选题]
The information commissioner gave Facebook a rap over the knuckles earlier this month， putting the company on notice of likely fines - the equivalent of a few minutes' revenue - for breaches of privacy.On Wednesday the European commission gave Google a vigorous correction， fining it �4.3 billion for abusing its market dominance with the Android operating system which powers the overwhelming majority of the world's mobile phones.
Google is appealing.The billions of euros at stake aside， it is easy to see why.Google gives most of Android away， not only to the consumers who use it， but to the companies that build their phones around it.As the company points out， there are more than 24，000 competing Android phones available today， from 1，300 companies.How can that possibly constitute a harmful monopoly? Besides， Google has real competition in the smartphone world from Apple.
At the same time， these are exactly the factors that make the commission's decision so interesting and significant.For Google's business to work， it must become as easy as possible for advertisers to reach users.That is the purpose of all the software that Google gives away， from the Android operating system， through to YouTube， Google search on phones and the Chrome browser.This might look like a cross-subsidy， but on the other hand it is the heart of the company's business.The software that Google gives away is not designed to make a profit on its own.
This free version does not include the bits that make a phone useful for anything but making telephone calls， and this was the weak spot in Google's defence.None of the enticements - the mail， the search， the maps and the browser - are included.These can only be used with a proprietary chunk of software that Google controls; and manufacturers who want to use the Play store and 11 crucial Google apps must agree not to build so much as a single phone that does not include them.It is all or nothing.This licensing trick is the way in which Google has undoubtedly limited competition.The commission's decision to punish it probably comes too late to undo the damage it has done.
All digital businesses tend towards a monopoly' and this is in part because in some important ways they benefit consumers more the larger they grow.Yet as customers we pay for this in other ways and as citizens even more so， not least because the companies fattened by monopoly profits grow too large to fail and too powerful to challenge.There is a public interest in preventing any company from acquiring almost unlimited power.Regulation defends democracy.
The author's attitude toward the commission's decision is______.
Acautious
Bambiguous
Csarcastic
Dsupportive
参考答案：D
[单选题]In the 1930s,an American meat company came out with a spiced ham product sold in a can. Before long,Spam,as it was called,became ubiquitous. However,critics called it a food with “no nutritive or aesthetic value.” Now, some high-tech observers say that unsolicited E-mail is the electronic equivalent. (41)______
But, it's more than just aesthetically displeasing. "The big problem with spam is that it is a cost shifted medium, which is to say that the person who receives the E-mail has to pay for it," says Tom Geller, founder of the SpamCon Foundation, a coalition of marketers and computer users, who want to control the number of unsolicited messages that are sent over the Internet. (42)______
According to Tom Geller, some Internet service providers estimate that spam accounts for up to 10% of their operational costs. “Of course, they pass those operational costs on to you. The other problem with unsolicited E-mail is that when you send a piece of paper mail, you have to pay for it,” he says. “So, it doesn't pay for marketers to send out millions and millions of pieces. But with E-mail, since the senders don't pay for it, they tend to send it out in tens of millions. As a result, you end up with hundreds, possibly even thousands of unsolicited E-mails in your mail box, making E-mail essentially useless for you.”
Attempts have been made to control the volume. “There are legal regulations in at least five countries and at least 16 U.S. states,” says Mr. Geller. “The five countries that I know about are Denmark, Germany, Italy, Austria and Finland. (43)______ But the problem is that many spammers are using untraceable E-mail addresses and basically try to hide their origins so there's no way to tell them to stop.”
And Tom Geller says there isn't much the average Internet users can do about spam. “They can delete the message and curse, which is what I think most people do,” he says. “People who know a little bit more about anti-spam issues sometimes use the utility known as spam.cop, which is at spamcop.net. (44)______When the Internet service provider finds out that they are hosting a spammer, almost invariably they will kick them off because no Internet service provider wants a spammer on their system.”
(45)______“The first is technical. This is already happening,” he says. “A second way is through legal measures. When there are penalties for spamming and there are at least warnings that people realize that: I'm doing something illegal. I think that will keep many people who are not professional criminals from spamming, but I think that the third way that spam can be cut down is essentially for social and policy reasons, for more people to realize exactly how E-mail works and how it is a recipient-pays medium. I think that will cause a certain amount of peer pressure.”
请写出43题正确答案。
AWhile Tom Geller doesn't think that spam will ever be completely eliminated, he does believe that it could be cut down by a combination of three types of activities.
BThe new Office package is also closely linked to the Internet, and includes a feature called smart tags which permits word-processing documents to be connected directly to information stored on the Internet. And Office XP makes it easier to access E-mail.
CAccording to America Online, a major Internet service provider, approximately a third of the estimated 30 million E-mail messages sent each day can be classified as spam.
DLet’s say you want to organize an event, or a meeting. Right now you send out a bunch of E- mails back and forth, editing the things. It’s not very organized. Now you can easily create a web site where everybody goes to get the documents.
EThat’s a utility that lets you complain to the Internet service provider that allows the messages to be sent. Not the senders of the messages, but the person who gives them connectivity.
FMany of the laws in the United States are fairly weak. They say, for example, that when somebody send you spam you have to tell them to stop before the law kicks in.
GUnlike paper mail which is perfectly fine, and unsolicited phone calls which some people have problems with, but don't cost anything, when you receive E-mail it is taking up your computer resources and your bandwidth.
参考答案：F
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