[单选题]
Dave Prentis， the general secretary of Unison， can be forgiven for boasting that Wednesday's supreme court ruling against employment tribunal fees is “the biggest victory in a court in British employment history”.The justices' decision that the fees， of between £400 and £1，200， are an unconstitutional denial of access to justice， is a triumph both for workers and for the union that has been fighting their corner ever since the fees were introduced almost exactly four years ago.
The government defence rested on two arguments.It said that often claims made at tribunals - which typically are to recover unpaid wages or to establish terms of employment - were ill-founded.Some way of deterring them was necessary.Second， it argued that an employment tribunal amounted to a private dispute resolution service that benefited only the claimant， so it was unreasonable to expect the taxpayer to pick up the tab.Since the introduction of fees there has been a 70% drop in cases， and yet the success rate has actually fallen： even the lord chancellor had to accept that made a nonsense of his first claim.In truth， fees were set so high and the numbers entitled to exemption so low (most claimants would have to be earning less than the minimum wage to get any remission at all)， they were unaffordable.
But the real sting in the judgment， and the reason why it amounts to more than a vital defence of workers' rights came in its resounding defence of the precious relationship between voters， their MPs， the government and the law that is underpinned by the courts， a relationship ministers conspicuously failed to stand up for after it was defamed by some newspapers at the time of the Brexit hearings.
“It may be helpful to begin by explaining briefly the importance of the rule of law， and the role of access to the courts in maintaining the rule of law，” began the supreme court's measured response to the failure of government.Even the humble employment tribunal， argued Lord Reed， the justice who gave the main judgment， is important not just for the monetary redress it offers to individuals wronged at work， but for the role it performs for society in clarifying and enforcing principles established in law.
The supreme court does not say fees are wrong， only that they should be set at a level that anyone can reasonably afford.Access to justice will be all the more important when it comes to enforcing rights that may be at risk after Brexit.As Lord Reed remarked， it is not an idea recently imported from the continent， but a right identified in Magna Carta.Ministers never have an excuse for ignoring it.
The Supreme Court's judgement is of great significance mainly in that______.
Ait clarifies employee's rights and responsibilities
Bit gives a hard lesson to the irresponsible media
Cit is an unprecedented defence of workers' right
Dit maintains the rule of law and access to justice
参考答案：D
[单选题]
The Trump administration made a change to America's safety-net in January 2018.The new rule lets states experiment with forcing recipients of Medicaid to work， volunteer or study in exchange for their government-funded health insurance.So far， only one state-Arkansas-has imposed extensive work requirements on Medicaid.Fourteen other states have applied to follow its example.They should look at what has happened in Arkansas and think again.
The theory behind tying cash benefits to work requirements is sound.Asking people to do something in exchange for a payment can build political support for welfare programmes.Without the requirements， beneficiaries are easily dismissed as scroungers.Moreover， encouraging people back into work is the best anti-poverty scheme.
Even so， tying health care to work is a mistake， for two reasons.The first is practical.Safety-net programmes work best when they are simple， well-understood and governed by rules that are easy to administer.The Arkansas experiment fails this test.To be eligible for Medicaid， you must earn less than $ 17，000 a year and must prove that you are working， studying or taking care of young children or infirm relatives for at least 80 hours a month.Many people who earn so little have unpredictable patterns of work.One month they will put in enough hours to meet the criteria for eligibility， the next they will not.
Worse， Arkansas made it unnecessarily hard for people to register their work effort.In a state with one of the lowest rates of internet usage， Medicaid recipients had to log their working hours on a website that shut down between 9pm and 7am.As a result， 18，000 of the approximately 80，000 people who were asked to report their schedules lost their coverage.
Supposing these problems can be overcome， tying access to health care to work is still wrong， because it is based on a misconception about incentives.When the Trump administration announced the new policy， it observed that “higher earnings are positively correlated with longer lifespan.” That is true， but the White House has the causation backwards： People do not work in order to be healthy; they can work because they are healthy already.
Medicaid does have a problem with work incentives， but it is not the one the White House has identified.When Obamacare became law， the intention was that low-income Americans would either be eligible for Medicaid or for government subsidies to help them buy their own， private insurance policies.In fact 14 states decided not to implement part of the law.That left about 2 million Americans in a state of uncertainty， earning too much to qualify for Medicaid but too little to be eligible for Obamacare subsidies.In these 14 states， people whose earnings are close to the cut-off for Medicaid eligibility can lose their health insurance if they work a few more hours.This is a huge disincentive to extra work.If states want to fix the real problem with Medicaid， that is where to look.
According to Paragraph 1， Trump's new rule______.
Aimproves the health-care safety net for the poor
Ballows states to impose work requirements for Medicaid
Cprovides work opportunities for Medicaid recipients
Dhas met strong resistance from many states
参考答案：B
[单选题]
App-based marketplaces like Uber and Lyft have revolutionised the way people find work and earn income.Workers today can choose many kinds of short-term and flexible jobs， whenever they want or need.
Yet， this flexibility comes at a cost.Most o£ these “gig workers”， while they earn income， do not receive benefits， including healthcare， life insurance， disability insurance and pensions.For this new way of working to be a net positive for workers， the ensuing and emerging gap for traditional employment benefits will need to be filled.
There are three potential options for filling this gap.A public solution would see governments step in to provide these benefits.That seems unlikely in the current climate， particularly in countries such as the US.A private solution would have companies start to treat their gig workers like employees and provide full benefits.But given the costs involved， analysts expect Uber， Lyft and most other companies， to refuse unless they are forced to by new laws or regulations.
That means that in the short term， gig workers will have to carry the cost of their own benefits.That creates an opening for the third possibility： a new set of for-profit businesses could emerge to provide benefits tailored to gig workers.
These private companies could find it very attractive to offer， on an aggregate basis， lower cost options for healthcare， workers' compensation and retirement savings that individual gig workers would never be able to negotiate on their own.Further， these companies could come up with innovative products aimed at these workers， including loans designed for individuals with intermittent but predictable income， or tools for running freelancer businesses.If governments eventually require gig platforms to step in and cover partial benefits， the start-ups would be well positioned to profit from helping them.
Given how work has evolved， labour regulations must change as well.The existing work contract needs to be reimagined to extend beyond the typical categories of self-employed， full-time or part-time.This new “gig status” would be designed to protect flexible work (the reason people pursued gig work in the first place) while providing some economic protection， enabling them to weather financial shocks and provide a path to longer term economic stability.
Under this scenario， workers would receive select benefits like health or disability insurance without compromising their employment status.Right now， the receipt of any type of “benefits” often triggers an official employment relationship requiring individuals to work more hours， losing their flexibility.
It will take time to develop and implement a new framework that strikes the right balance between flexibility and economic security.We know that work brings more than just income： it also provides dignity，purpose and social connections.A reimagined work contract would allow every worker to achieve their full potential， on their own terms.
Which one of the following would be the best title for this text?
AGig Workers' Benefits： A Huge Gap Waiting for Start-ups to Fill
BTough Challenges of Pursuing Gig Work Nowadays
CPractical Ways to Help Gig Workers Receive Benefits
DReimagined Work Contract： A Growing Need in the Gig Economy Era
参考答案：A
[单选题]
41.______
In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, intemational. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. In the long history of human development, in addition to the ancient religion of social and cultural phenomenon, the Olympic movement can be regarded as one of the oldest social and cultural phenomenon.
42.______
The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modem Olympic Games.
43.______
On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results were compared with modem standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.
44.______
After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Gaines were suspended by the Romans in 394 AD. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1, 500 years before another such intemational athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. In 1896, 6 April to 15 April, Athens hosted the first modem Olympic Gaines.
45.______
Nowadays, the Gaines are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes’ expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolizes the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it bums throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The torch symbolizes peace, light, and the significance of unity and friendship. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modem conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Gaines. Among them, the blue represents Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Oceania, red for the Americas.
请写出44题正确答案。
AThe famous athletes in the Games
BThe origin of Olympic Gaines
CThe suspension and revival of the Games
DHonor given to the winners
EOlympic Games held nowadays
FHosting countries of the Games
GSpectators, participants and events of the ancient Gaines
参考答案：C
[单选题]
Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language.It is also the variety which is normally 1______ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other 2______ situations.The difference between standard and nonstandard，it should be noted，has 3______ in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial 4______;standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.
5______，the standard variety of English is based on the London 6______ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted from the removal of the Court from Winchester to London.This dialect became the one 7______ by the educated，and it was developed and 8______ as a model，or norm，for wider and wider segments of society.It was also the 9______ that was carried overseas，but not one unaffected by such export.Today，10______ English is 11______ to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used;12______ among local standards is really quite minor，13______ the Singapore，South Africa，and Irish varieties are really very 14______ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are 15______.Indeed，Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous 16______ on all local varieties，to the extent that many of long 17______ dialects of England have lost much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be 18______.This latter situation is not 19______ to English ：it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are 20______ .But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national，even supranational (跨国的) ones.
to the extent that many of long 17______
Aestablished
Bweakened
Crestored
Deliminated
参考答案：A
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