2022年考研《英语一》常考试题十

　　[单选题]

　　Even plans can run a fever，especially when they are under attack by insects or disease.But 1______ humans，plants can have their temperature 2______ from 3000 feet away-straight up.A decade ago，3______ the infrared scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites，physicist Stephen Paley 4______ a quick way to take the temperature of crops to 5______ which ones are under stress.The goal was to let farmers 6______ target pesticide spraying 7______ rain poison on a whole field，which 8______ include plants that don't have the pest problem.

　　Even better，Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became 9______ to the eye.10______ on a plane flown at 3，000 feet at night，an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops.The data were 11______ into a color-coded map showing 12______ plants were running“fevers”.Farmers could then spot spray，using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they 13______ would.

　　The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984，after only three years.Farmers 14______

　　the new technology and long-term backers were hard to 15______.But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce，and refinements in infrared scanning，Paley hopes to16______ into operation.Agriculture experts have no doubt about the technology works.“This technique can be 17______ to 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States，”says George Oerther of Texas A&M.Ray Jackson，who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture，thinks 18______ infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade.But 19______ Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to 20______ 10 years ago.

　　The data were 11______ into a color-coded map showing

　　Atransmitted

　　Btransferred

　　Ctransformed

　　Dtransported

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It___1___in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then___2___starts to slowly decline as we age. But___3___aging is inevitable. scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

　　One study found that muscle loss and the___4___of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the___5___that lifestyle factors might help prevent or___6___this type of decline.

　　The researchers looked at data that___7___measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and___8___that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people___9___higher measures of abdominal fat___10___worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years___11___.

　　For women, the association may be___12___to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be___13___. It is hoped that future studies could___14___these differences and perhaps lead to different for men and women.

　　___16___, there are steps you can___17___to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental___18___. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your___19___of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style___20___that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

　　8应选()。

　　Adevoted

　　Bcompared

　　Cconverted

　　Dapplied

　　参考答案：B

　　[单选题]

　　When people grow old，they become quite different from the young on thoughts.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives，1______ about the future.These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories，2______ is their purpose merely to make conversation.The old person’s recollections of the past help to 3______ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile ：4______ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 5______ to the future，the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners，that here was a life 6______ everyone to have a good living.7______，the memories form part of a continuing life 8______，in which the old person 9______ the events and experiences of the years gone by and 10______ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.

　　As the life cycle 11______ to its close，the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending ( 即将发生的) death.Yet this task is made 12______ by the fact that death is almost a 13______ subject in the United States.The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 14______.As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are 15______ to think about it-and certainly not to talk about it in the 16______ of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo 17______only in the modem industrial societies.There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 18______ the idea of death.It is the very fact that death remains 19______ our control;it is almost the only one of the natural 20______ that is so.

　　the memories form part of a continuing life 8______

　　Aprospect

　　Bimpetus

　　Cimpression

　　Dreview

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　On April 20，2000，in Accra，the capital of Ghana，the leaders of six West African countries declared their intention to proceed to monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003，as the first step toward a wider monetary union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004.The six countries 1______ themselves to 2______ central bank financing of budget deficits to 10 percent of the previous years government 3______;reducing budget deficits to 4 percent of the second phase by 2003，and attacking the budget deficit and other economic problems;creating a Convergence Council to help 4______ macroeconomic policies，which must be the foundation of a stable financial system;and 5______ up a common central bank，with the purpose of actively supporting the expansion of domestic demand.Their declaration 6______ that ：“The experiences of any particular country are even less applicable to a monetary union.Member States 7______ the need for8______ political commitment and undertake to 9______ all such national policies as would 10______ the regional monetary integration process.”

　　The 11______ a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization，going back to its formation in 1975，and is intended to 12______ broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and 13______ institutions.In the colonial period，currency boards 14______ sets of countries in the region.On independence，15______，these currency boards were dissolved，with the 16______ of the CFA franc zone，which included the francophone countries of the region. 17______ there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary cooperation，political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region's countries have to 18______ inhibited progress.Although some problems remain，the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in 1999 of a democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional 19______ in Nigeria，the largest economy of the region，raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be 20______.

　　13______ institutions.

　　Aseparate

　　Bcommon

　　Cseveral

　　Dpublic

　　参考答案：B

　　[问答题]The universities are schools of education， and schools of research. (46) But the primary reason for their existence is not to be found either in the mere knowledge conveyed to the students or in the mere opportunities for research offered to the members of the faculty. Both these functions could be performed at a cheaper rate， apart from these very expensive institutions. Books are cheap， and the system of apprenticeship is well understood. So far as the mere imparting of information is concerned， no university has had any justification for existence since the popularisation of printing in the fifteenth century.

　　(47) The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the enthusiasm of life， by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The university imparts information， but it imparts it imaginatively. This atmosphere of excitement， arising from imaginative consideration， transforms knowledge. A fact is no longer a bare fact： it is invested with all its possibilities. Imagination is not to be divorced from the facts： it is a way of illuminating the facts. (48) It works by drawing out the general principles which apply to the facts， and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with those principles. It enables men to construct an intellectual vision of a new world， and it preserves the enthusiasm of life by the suggestion of satisfying purposes.

　　Youth is imaginative， and if the imagination is strengthened by discipline， this energy of imagination can in great measure be preserved through life. The initial discipline of imagination in its period of youthful vigour requires that there be no responsibility for immediate action. (49) The habit of unbiased thought， by means of which the ideal variety of examples is discerned in its derivation from general principles， cannot be acquired when there is the daily task of maintaining a concrete organisation. You must be free to think rightly and wrongly， and free to appreciate the variousness of the universe undisturbed by its perils.

　　The universities have trained the intellectual pioneers of our civilization—the priests， the lawyers， the statesmen，the doctors， the men of science， and the men of letters. They have been the home of ideals which lead men to confront the confusion of their present times. (50) The way in which a university should function in the preparation for an intellectual career， is by promoting the imaginative consideration of the various general principles underlying that career. Hence， instead of a tedious task issuing in a blind rule of thumb， the properly trained man has some hope of obtaining an imagination disciplined by detailed facts and by necessary habits. Thus，the proper function of a university is the imaginative acquisition of knowledge. A university is imaginative or it is nothing—at least nothing useful.

　　参考答案：

　　46

　　但是大学存在的主要理由既不体现于单纯向学生传授知识，也不体现于单纯向教员提供研究机会。

　　【解析】①本句主干为 But the primary reason...is not to be found either in A or in B，其中，not...either...or... 直接译为“既不……也不……”;to be found in字面义是“在……中被找到”，由于其后内容较长，且汉语多使用主动态表达，故翻译时调整为“体现于”。②convey意为“传递;传送”，翻译时根据其逻辑宾语knowledge可调整为“传授/传播”;faculty常见义为“天赋;技能”“高校院系”“高校全体教师”，此处根据语境及其与students的呼应可知，它指向的是“教师”，故members of the faculty译为“教员”。③mere“仅仅的”在翻译时一般处理成状语“单纯;仅仅;只”，因此名词短语the mere knowledge conveyed... /the mere opportunities for research offered...在翻译时需要转化为动宾短语“单纯传授知识/单纯提供研究机会”。

　　47.

　　大学存在的理由在于，它将青年人和老年人在充满想象力的学术思索中联合起来，维持了知识与生活热情之间的联结。

　　【解析】①that引导的表语从句中，方式状语by...在翻译时应提前，使译文呈现“做法—效果”的逻辑;而这样一来，“通过”的语义在译文整体结构“它……联合……维护了……”中已经体现出来，所以by 本身可以直接省译。②consideration意为“考虑，深思”，learning此处指高等院校中的“学术”而非简单的“学习”，因此the...consideration of learning译为“学术思索/思考”。

　　48.

　　它是这样起作用的：提炼出适用于事实的普遍原则，然后对符合这些原则的其他可能性展开智力上的全面考察。

　　【解析】①整句结构为It works by A and then by B，由于方式状语过长，所以翻译时在主句“它是这样起作用的”之后用冒号隔开，引出作用方式(work意为“奏效;产生预期的结果”)。②定语从句which apply to the facts 与 which are consistent with those principles 长度较短，所以直接译为定语“适用于事实的”“符合这些原则的”。③draw out字面义为“引出”，根据其宾语the general principles调整为“提炼”;alternative意为“供选择的”，这里修饰possibilities，指“除了用于推导出普遍原则之外的、同样符合这些原则的事实”，直接译为“其他”即可;survey在本语境下指“对各种可能性进行全面研究”，故译为 “全面考察”。

　　49.

　　如果每天都有维持具体组织的任务，那么公正思维的习惯就不可能养成，而正是依靠这种习惯，从普遍原则衍生出的、理想的丰富例证才能得到辨认。

　　【解析】①本句结构有一定理解难度，整体可分为三块：主句The habit...cannot be acquired、定语从句by means of which... principles和时间状语从句when...organisation;主句断定“习惯无法养成”，定语从句介绍“习惯的作用”，时间状语从句则明确“何种情况下习惯无法养成”，因此翻译时应按“时间状语从句→主句→定语从句”的顺序译出。②时间状语从句中，there be句型直译为“有……每日任务 (the daily task)”，为使句子通顺，可将定语daily转化为状语，使时间状语从句整体呈现为“如果每天都有……任务”。③定语从句中，主语the...variety of examples指向“例证多样性”，its derivation from general principles补充指出“例证多样性从何衍生而出”(即第48题所说“其他同样符合普遍原则的/自普遍原则衍生出的可能性”)，翻译时大可将这两部分相结合，并将中心词转为“例证”，继而补充修饰语“从普遍原则衍生出的(derivation from...)”“理想的(ideal)”“丰富(variety)”。

　　50.

　　大学为脑力劳动职业所起到的准备作用应该是促进对奠定这些职业基础的各种普遍原则进行富有想象力的思索。

　　【解析】①本句主语部分为The way后接一个in which引导的定语从句，而in the preparation for...则指明大学“起作用”的场景，整体可译为“大学在为脑力劳动职业做准备时，所起到的作用方式应该(是)”;可进一步调整并得到“大学为脑力劳动职业所起到的准备作用应该(是)”。②underlie(原文为现在分词underlying)意为“构成……的基础”，因此将后置定语underlying that career整体译为“奠定职业基础的”并提前。③原文的an intellectual career与that career在数量方面保持一致，翻译时也需贯彻这一原则，故将后者处理成“这些职业”。

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