英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。一、 全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种
情况:
1、当here, there, out, in, up, down 等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装: There goes the bell! 铃响了!
There lived an old man.
Here comes the bus.
注意:
①在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或 be 动词, 像 go, come, mush 等。
②主语如果是代词时不需倒装如 Away he went. 他走远了。
2、方位状语在句首, 如:
In front of the house stopped a police car.
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. Under the tree sat a boy.
3 、直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装
"What does it mean?" asked the boy 或 the boy asked.
二、半倒装: 主语与谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种情况:
1、 否定意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely, seldom
Never shall I forget you.
At no time was the man aware of what was happening. Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.
2、 几对并列连词如 not only…but also, hardly… when 等连接两个并列句, 连词在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装:
Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his German
citizenship was taken away.
No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.
注意:
①not only…but also 连接两个并列主语时不需倒装, 如: Not only you but also I like playing chess.
②neither…nor 在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装, Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.
3、only 在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can I learn from my fault.
Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.
注意: only 强调主语不倒装:
Only the teachers can use the room.
4、so…that 句型, so 在句首时, 主句倒装, that 从句不倒装: So easy is it that a clild can learn it.
So hard did he work that he finally won the fame. I saw the film, so did he.
1、倒装句(Inversion)
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。一、倒装的类型
|
类型 |
例 |
句 |
说 |
明 | |
|
完 倒 |
全 装 |
Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends. 学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。 |
整个谓语移至主语 之前。 | ||
|
部倒 |
分装 |
Seldom does he go to school late. 他上学很少迟到。 |
只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表 语放在主语之前。 | ||
二、倒装结构的基本用法
1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装
|
情 况 |
例 句 |
说 明 |
|
疑问句中 |
Have you got a dictionary? 你有一本字典吗？ Where did he go last Monday? 上星期一他去什么地方了？ Are you listening to the radio? 你在听广播吗？ Who told you the news? 谁告诉你那个消息的？ |
用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。 |
|
Which boy broke this glass? 哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？ | ||
|
“there be 结构中 |
”There are three wells in our village. 我们村里有三口水井。 There stands a big paper making factory by the river. 河边有座大型造纸厂。 |
|
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在以 here, there, now, then, in, away, up down 等 副词 开 头 的句子中 |
Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你一封信。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。Now comes your turn to play. 现在轮到你玩了。 Away went the crowd one by one . 人们一个一个地离去。 Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。 Down she went 她下来了。 |
使用完全倒装结构。 但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。 |
|
在 以 neither nor 或 no more 开 头 的 句子中 |
I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she . 我不会游泳，她也不会。 He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there. 他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。He did not turn up. No more did his wife. 他没有来，他妻子也没有来。 |
表示…… 也不这样， neither 和 nor 意思相同，可以替换使用，no more 表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为也不…。 |
|
用在 as（尽管）引导的让 步 状 语从句中 |
Proud as the nobles are ,he is afraid to see me . 尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。 Young as he is, he knows a lot . 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。 |
从属连句 as 用于特殊语序，含义与though, although 相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前） |
2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。(使句子更加流畅，更加生动)
|
情 况 |
例 句 |
说 明 |
|
含有否定意义的副词或连词 |
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。 Little did I think that he could be back alive. |
常 用 否 定 词 有 ： never,not,hardly, scarcely seldom, little, |
|
情 况 |
例 句 |
说 明 |
|
状语so 放 句首 |
得见。 |
|
|
介词短语作状语， 放在句首 |
In the middle of the room stood a little girl. 在房间中央站着一个小女孩。 In the distance was a horse. 马在远处。 |
|
|
在强调表 |
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great |
表语提前，不仅为了强 |
|
语的句子 中 |
achievements. 阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯 |
调，而且为了使句子结 构达到平衡协调，或使 |
|
朴而又取得巨大成就的人。 |
上下文紧密衔接。 | |
|
Such is life. 生活就是这样。 |
||
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Nearby were two canoes in which they had |
||
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come to the island. 附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。 |
六、并列句
知识要点：
1、熟悉并掌握并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法;
2、注意 while, when 和 for 等作并列连词的用法。什么叫并列句：
由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句的基本句型：
简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
|
类型 |
说明 |
连接词 |
例 句 |
|
并 列 句 |
并列关系 (联合关系) |
and, not only… but(also), neither…nor 等 |
I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。 Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。 Neither I would consult him nor he would ask me for advice. 我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。 |
|
转折关系 |
but, yet, still, while, however, when 等 |
He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。 She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 她学习英语有困难，然后她学习努力，进步很快。 | |
|
选择关系 |
or, otherwise or else, either…or |
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 | |
|
因果关系 |
for, so, thus, therefore, and so |
We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆 在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 | |
|
有时也可不用连词， 而用逗号，分号或冒号 |
Hurry up, it’s getting dark. 快点，天要黑了。 Let’s start early, we have a long way to go. 我们要早动身，因为路很远。 |
注意：
(1) yet 和 still 是连接副词，也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用，但不如 and, but, or 等强，用了
yet 或 still，前面还可加 and 或 but。
He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一个实验。
I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而还是没有赶上头班车。
(2) while 意义相当于 at the same time 表示相反和对照，常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。
I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜欢足球，而我姐姐喜欢篮球。
when = and then, just then 或 at that time, during the time.
We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我们正准备离开，这时蛇移动了。
while 和 when 作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边，并有逗号和第一分句隔开。
3、for 表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore 比 so 更正式，and so 比较口语化。
