Hepatitis
肝炎
Q: What is hepatitis?
问：什么是肝炎?
A: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
答：肝炎为肝脏炎症。病情可自行消退，也可发展成肝纤维化(“结痂”)、肝硬化或肝癌。肝炎病毒是全球肝炎的最常见病因，但其它感染、有毒物质(如酒精和某些药物等)以及自身免疫性疾病也能引起肝炎。
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
主要有五种肝炎病毒，分别为甲、乙、丙、丁和戊型。由于该病的疾病负担和所导致的死亡情况，及其形成暴发和流行性传播的可能性，这五类肝炎最为受人关注。特别是乙型和丙型肝炎，它们导致数亿人罹患慢性疾病，同时二者还是肝硬化和癌症的最常见病因。
Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.
甲型和戊型肝炎的典型病因是食用受污染的食物或水。乙型、丙型和丁型肝炎感染则通常是与受污染体液的非肠道接触的结果。这些病毒的常见传播途径包括摄入受污染血液或血液制品、使用受污染设备进行侵入性医疗操作程序。乙型肝炎还通过母亲在分娩时传播给婴儿，由家庭成员传播给儿童，同时它还能够通过性接触传播。
Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
急性感染的出现可能会伴有有限症状或无症状，也可能出现诸如黄疸(皮肤和眼睛发黄)、尿黄、极度疲乏、恶心、呕吐和腹痛等症状。
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