The expansion of the universities since the beginning of World War II and the great increase in number of
college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol
manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers who are now employed by practical men in all
institutions. These people, called intellectuals in the sense that they deal with symbols and ideas, have
become professionalized in exactly the same sense as the engineer. Unlike the engineer, however, these
professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work: they carry light teaching
load and enjoy government and foundation grants and subsidies for their research.
The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base that supports his independence within the
university. The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of
the university, which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget. The major feature of
project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a
different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to
secure a succession of contracts. The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional
intellectuals.
第二次世界大战以来，大学的数目不断增长，本科、甚至是博士毕业生也与日俱增，从而诞生了大批
的技术人员、助手、演讲稿撰写人、徽章生产商、调查人员和政策研究员，他们效力于各类务实的研究所
中。 这些人员主要解决符号和概念问题，与工程师几乎一样高度专业化，所以人们把它们称为知识分子。
然而这些人员与工程师还有所不同——他们不需从事繁重的日常例行工作，仅承担少量教学工作，同时享
受政府研究津贴或补贴。
教授项目预算是其最初的经济基础，使得教师得以在大学里保持独立。研究生是否存在，大学是否存
在资金偿还能力，这些都取决于项目预算。大学的资金偿还在整个项目预算中占有重要比例。无论来自于
政府或商界，项目资金的重要特点是其建立在契约上，即不同的项目可以争取相同的项目资金，因此调研
人员要取得独立，就必须得到连续的研究项目。 获得研究项目是知识分子的一种真正才能。
分析：
①⑵ The expansion of the universities ⑴ since the beginning of World War II and ⑶ the great increase in
number of college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters,
symbol manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers ⑷ (who are now employed by
practical men in all institutions).
▲ 第二次世界大战以来，大学的数目不断增长，本科、甚至是博士毕业生也与日俱增，从而诞生了大批的
技术人员、助手、演讲稿撰写人、徽章生产商、调查人员和政策研究员，他们效力于各类务实的研究所中。
转性译法：名词 → 动词 expansion→ 不断增长 increase→ 与日俱增
换序译法：翻译顺序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
意译： produce→ 生产(直译)
→ 诞生(意译)
a corps of→ 团体共同行动或共同指挥下的一伙人(直译)
→ 大批的(意译)
corps 的含义： a body of persons acting together or associated under common direction eg. the
press corps 记者团
难词的翻译：这里从 technician 到 policy proposers 共六个单词都不是很好翻译，考生请注意平时
的积累。
定语从句的翻译：重复法
转态译法：被主交换： who are now employed→ 效力于
省词译法： who are now employed by practical men in all institutions 这句中 practical man 解释为
“实干家”，但整句翻译成“他们被各类研究所里的实干家雇佣”，略显累赘，因此可以把 man 在翻译
中省略，译成“他们效力于各类务实的研究所中”即可。
②⑷ These people, called intellectuals in the sense that ⑴ they deal with symbols and ideas, ⑶ have
become professionalized ⑵ in exactly the same sense as the engineer.
▲ 这些人员主要解决符号和概念问题，与工程师几乎一样高度专业化，所以人们把它们称为知识分子。
in the/a sense 解释为“在某种意义上”。如： What you’ve said is in the sense a great insult to his
dignity. → 你的话语在某种程度上对他的尊严是一种侮辱。
意译： deal with→ 对付;处理(直译)
→ 解决(意译)
具体译法：加字法： symbols and ideas→ 符号和概念问题问
换序译法：翻译顺序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
比较级的翻译： exactly the same sense as the engineer→ 与工程师几乎一样一
转态翻译：被主交换： called intellectuals→ 人们把它们称为知识分子
③ Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine
grind of daily work: they carry light teaching load and enjoy government and foundation grants and
subsidies for their research.
▲ 然而这些人员与工程师还有所不同——他们不需从事繁重的日常例行工作，仅承担少量教学工作，同时
享受政府研究津贴或补贴。
正反译法： free from→ 不需
转性译法：形容词 → 动词 free from→ 不需从事
名词 → 形容词 grind→ 繁重的
grind (noun): a laborious task, routine, or study 苦力，苦差费力的任务、日常工作或学习：
light: easy to carry out or perform
eg. Since her accident, she can only do light work.
④ The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base (that supports his independence within
the university).
▲ 教授项目预算是其最初的经济基础，使得教师得以在大学里保持独立。
定语从句的翻译：省略法
⑤ The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the
university, (which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget).
▲ 研究生是否存在，大学是否存在资金偿还能力，这些都取决于项目预算。大学的资金偿还在整个项目预
算中占有重要比例。
意译： sustain: maintain; keep the existence of→ 维持。由于“维持”后的宾语较长，可以先把宾语
译出，把“项目预算”作为宾语，用谓语“取决于”连接，句子就比较平衡。
转性译法：名词 → 动词 existence→ 存在
意译： overhead→ 上面的;经常的(直译)
→ 重要的(意译)
定语从句的翻译：重复法
⑥ The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on
a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence
rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.
▲ 无论来自于政府或商界，项目资金的重要特点是其建立在契约上，即不同的项目可以争取相同的项目资
金，因此调研人员要取得独立，就必须得到连续的研究项目。
转性译法：形容词 → 名词 contractual→ 契约
介词 → 动词 for→ 争取
具体译法：加字法： project→ 项目资金资
意译： contract→ 合同(直译)
→ 项目;研究项目(意译)
secure→ 保护(直译)
→ 得到(意译)
rest upon→ 建立在 …… 的基础上(直译)
→ 必须(意译)
so that 的翻译：表示结果
so that 和 so…that… 在翻译中一般不是表示“目的”，就是表示“结果”。前者可以翻译成“以此”，后
者可翻译成“从而”，不过有时两者的区别并不明显。如：
She worked hard so that everything would be ready before 5 o’clock. (目的)
Nothing was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. (结果)
⑦ The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional intellectuals.
▲ 获得研究项目是知识分子的一种真正才能。
