汉译英
1.春节
中国的春节在农历一月一日，是新一年的开始。这是举家团圆的时刻。一般说来，在春节前几天，只要有可能的话，多数人无论身处何地都会回家，就像圣诞节一样，人们会买很多东西如食品、礼物、衣服和烟花爆竹给孩子们。在除夕之夜，多数农村家庭仍然保持着一些传统习俗，如在两扇门上都贴上门神和春联1。他们把“福”字倒贴在墙上和家具的门上，意思是“福到了”2。除夕之夜的年夜饭是必不可少的程序。全家人围坐着一张桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的话兴许不止一张桌子。家人还会为没能赶回家的亲人留些座位，仿佛他们也在一起吃似的。3年夜饭过后，大家会坐在一起，观看中央电视台的春节特别节目，等待新年的到来。午夜将近时，特别节目也接近尾声，这时家家户户都到户外去放鞭炮，据说这样可以驱妖除魔。新年的早饭是很特别的，北方人吃饺子，南方人吃糯米饭团。4走亲访友从新年的第一天就开始了，俗称“拜年”。每到这时，孩子们是最开心的，因为他们可以从长辈那里拿到压岁钱，据说压岁钱能带给他们好运。新年第五天，人们祭拜财神，送走新年。
春节就结束了。
2.端午节
公元前278年，也就是屈原六十二岁那年，他在汩罗江边，听到秦国军队攻破了楚国的国都，6便怀着悲痛的心情，抱了一块石头，投汩罗江自杀了。7那天正好是农历五月五日。8楚国人民非常热爱屈原。9汩罗江附近的老百姓听到屈原自杀的消息，都纷纷赶来，划着渔船，拿着竹竿，四处打捞屈原的遗体，结果什么也没有打捞到。10大家非常失望，又十分怀念屈原。11他们担心屈原的遗体被江里的鱼虾吃掉，就划着船，把包好的粽子扔到江里去给鱼虾吃。他以后，每到农历五月五日这一天，中国人家家户户都包粽子，吃粽子，表示对伟大诗人屈原的纪念。13这就是中国人民的传统节日“端午节”。
词汇
1.农历lunar calendar
2.烟花fireworks
3.鞭炮firecrackers
4.驱妖除魔to drive evils away
5.糯米饭团glutinous rice balls
6.汩罗江the Miluo River
7.打捞to retrieve
8.遗体body
9.粽子pyramid-shaped glutinous dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves
10.家家户户each household
注释
1.“门神和春联”：门神指的是门神年画，汉语省略的部分英语应该补充，painting of door gods;春联：couplets;注意春联是复数的。
2.此句牵涉到汉语特有的谐音特色，如“倒”和“到”，然而英语很难表达，可以适当加脚注，避免文化元素的遗漏。
3.“没能赶回来的亲人”可直接译为absent members;“留位置”分析可知是也会其安排位置的意思，可译为：arrange the seats for...另外，须注意虚拟语气的使用。
4.汉语是动词性很强的语言，而英语则相对倚重名词或名词性成分，所以这里“北方人吃饺子，南方人吃糯米饭团”不需要一一对应翻译成两个结构简单的句子，转换词性，再合并即可。参考译文：Jiaozi for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners.5.汉语十分讲究“有始有终”，形式上的完整。这句可与前一句合并译为On the fifth day，people celebrate the end of the Festival by worshipping the Fortune God.
6.这里“在汩罗江边……”不能简单地理解为“他在汩罗江边听到”楚国的国都沦陷的消息。事实上，屈原当时被楚怀王流放，生活在那里，所以应译为staying/living in exile at the side of the Miluo River。另外，汉语中从句在前，主句在后，专有名词“屈原”先出现，代词“他”后出现，但是在英语中通常(专有)名词放在主句里，代词放在从句里，所以参考译文中作了相应的调整。
7.原文中的第一句句子到这里才结束，译成英语时应根据段落的语义结构，作恰当的切分。
这里可在“国都”后断句，前一句表达屈原听到了这个坏消息，后一句表达他自杀的事件，与本段的后一句自然地衔接。其次，后一句中原文看上去有四个动词，即“怀着”、“抱”、“投(江)”和“自杀”。实际上，“怀着”和“抱”仅仅表示伴随的状况，而“投(江)”和“自杀”绝不能分解为两个动作(即先跳入江中然后再自杀)，而应理解为一个动作。有人把本句译为：He was so sad that he held a large stone in his arms，jumped into the river and killed himself，这样英语读者就可能理解为：屈原先跳入江中，然后用石头砸死了自己。参考译文把本句简明地译为：Overwhelmed with grief，he drowned himself in the river with a large stone in his arms。其中的非谓语动词overwhelmed和介词短语with a large stone in his arms，值得仔细体会。
8.这里“正好”二字应译为happened to be，因为“农历五月五日”隐含着“端午”之意。
9.学者看到“非常热爱”二字，往往很自然地会译为“动词+副词”结构love... very much。在比较正式的文体中，常常需要把汉语中的动词转化为名词，如本句可译为had a profound love for...。参考译文加了esteem -词，更为正式。
10.本句“听到屈原自杀消息”，重复了前句中的名词“屈原”。英语中用代词或其他手段替代刚刚提到过的名词。本句最好译成on hearing the news of his suicide，意为这些老百姓一听到消息就赶来了。如用when或after引导的从句，都与原意不符。其次，对本句中一连串的动词分析一下，便可清楚，本句的语义重点是“打捞”，所以这个词组应译为谓语动词，其他动词词组则可译为动词的非谓语形式或介词短语。另外，“什么也没打捞到”在英语中不宜重复动词，或译为but failed或but of no avail。
11.本句中没有实质性的“情节”，在英语中通常不宜单独成句，而根据上下文，把它与上句或下句合并。参考译文中把它译为filled with a sense of loss并与下句合并，不失为一种好办法。
12.这里“给鱼虾吃”不能简单地译为to feed the fish and shrimps，因为feed这个词意味着他们在饲养鱼虾。本句应理解为“把鱼虾引开”，所以可译为to divert the fish and shrimps。
13.“表示对某人的纪念”可译为to commemorate sb.或in memory of sb。
14.现有的汉英词典都把“端午节”译为the Dragon Boat Festival，这种译法在很多情况下是不可取的。如本文的下面还有“端午节还有赛龙舟的习俗……所以端午节又叫龙舟节”。因此，这种译法有时候是行不通的。事实上，“端午”即“重五”，亦即“农历五月五日”之意，所以应参考“重阳节”的译法( the Double Ninth Festival).把“端午节”直译为the Double Fifth Festival。
参考译文
1.The Spring Festival
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, the Spring Festival falls on the first day of the first month, which marks the beginning of a new year. It is a time for family reunion. In most cases, just a few days before the festival, if possible, most of the family members come home, no matter where they are. And like the Christmas season, people buy a lot of things: food, gifts, clothing and fireworks for children. On the New Year's eve, most of the families in the countryside still keep the customs of pasting paintings of door gods on the two doors and couplets on either side of the doors. They put the Chinese character meaning "happiness" upside down and paste it on walls and doors of the furniture to mean "happiness has come." Feast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Year's eve, when all the family members sit at one or more tables. Dinner seats will be arranged for the absent members as if they were also joining the dinner. After dinner, they sit together waiting for the coming of the New Year, usually by watching the CCTV special program for Spring Festival. At midnight when it is near the end of the program, every family goes out to set off firecrackers, which is said to drive evils away. Breakfast for the New Year's Day is special, Jiaozi for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners.
Visits are exchanged to relatives and friends from the New Year's Day on, which is called "Bainian". Children are the happiest ones because they can get lucky money from their seniors.
The money is believed to bring good luck to them. On the fifth day, people celebrate the end of the Festival by worshipping the Fortune God.
2.The Double Fifth Festival
In the year of 278 B. C., when he was 62 and staying at the side of the Miluo River, Qu Yuan heard that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu's capital. Overwhelmed with grief and despair, he drowned himself in the river, with a large stone in his arms. That day happened to be the fifth day of the fifth month in the Chinese lunar calendar.
The people of Chu had a great esteem and love for Qu Yuan. On hearing the news of his suicide, people who lived nearby came hurriedly in boats and attempted to retrieve his body with long bamboo poles but, to their distress, without avail. Filled with a deep sense of loss and worried that his body might be eaten up by fish and shrimps, they threw into the water pyramid- shaped glutinous dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves to divert them. Since then, on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year, each household in China would make and eat rice dumplings to commemorate the great poet Qu Yuan. This is the traditional Chinese festival known as the Double Fifth Festival.
练习
1.我国是个农业大国，很多节令风俗的起源都与农业生产有关。
2.南京的魅力在于其兼有绝伦的自然风光和绚丽的文化传统。
3.故宫中典藏一百多万种珍贵文物，其中不少是独一无二的国宝。
4.上海汇聚了10，000多种地方特色菜，美食之众，誉满天下。
5.农历五月初五端午节。它起源于先秦时代，一直流传至今。
6.史前时期，人们通过各种典礼仪式诠释那些戏剧性的令人敬畏的事件，诸如：生、死和重大自然现象。
7.未来的文化发展有赖于一种能力，一种为艺术家提供异己文化食粮的能力。
8.中国书法是利用毛笔的速度与力度，将方块字转变成富有表现力的图案的一门艺术。
9.人类需要一种方式来宣泄内心深处的恐惧和忧虑，于是创造出戏剧情节来模仿和表达这些情感。
10.结婚那一天新娘和新郎不能见面，据说不吉利。直到举行婚礼时双方才能碰面。
答案
1.China is an agricultural country, and many festivals and customs are associated with agriculture.
2.The attraction of Nanjing lies in the combination of rich natural and cultural heritages.
3.The Palace Museum houses more than one million valuable historical relics, many of which are unique national treasures.
4.Shanghai enjoys an international reputation for the excellent cuisine - more than 10,000 specialty dishes can be found here.
5.The Dragon-boat Festival, which falls on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, can be traced back to the pre-Qin period and has been passed down to the present day.
6.In pre-historical times, ceremonies and rituals helped people explain such awe-inspiring, dramatic events as birth, death and powerful natural forces.
7.The future of cultures depends on the capacity to give artists means to feast on other cultures。
8.Chinese calligraphy is an art of turning square Chinese characters into expressive images by the responsiveness of speed and pressure of a pointed Chinese brush.
9.Man needs a way to cope with his deepest fears and concerns so he creates dramatic situations that mimic and express these feelings.
10.On the wedding day it is supposed to be bad luck for the bride and groom to see each other before the wedding.
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