Universal basic income is a controversial proposal under which the government provides regular, permanent cash payments to each citizen with the intent of lifting everyone out of poverty, encouraging their participation in the economy and covering the costs of their most fundamental needs including food, housing and clothing.
全民基本收入，简称UBI，是一项备受争议的提案，根据该提案，政府无条件地向每个公民提供定期的永久性现金支付，旨在使每个人摆脱贫困，鼓励他们参与市场经济并保证他们最基本的需求，包括食物，住房和衣物。
Everyone, in other words, gets a paycheck - whether they work or not.
换句话说，无论工作与否，每个人都能有收入。
扫描下方二维码，进入“每日一练”免费在线测试
A computer programme can identify breast cancer from routine scans with greater accuracy than human experts, researchers said in what they hoped could prove a breakthrough in the fight against the global killer.
研究人员称，一种电脑程序可以通过常规扫描准确识别乳腺癌，而且它的准确率比人类专家的更高。他们希望该电脑程序可以在与乳腺癌这一全球杀手的斗争中取得突 破。
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, with more than 2 million new diagnoses last year alone.
乳腺癌是女性最常罹患的癌症之一，仅去年一年就有200多万名新确诊的病例。
Regular screening is vital in detecting the earliest signs of the disease in patients who show no obvious symptoms.
在患者没有明显症状的时候，定期筛查对于发现疾病的早期症状至关重要。
In Britain, women over 50 are advised to get a mammogram every three years, the results of which are analysed by two independent experts.
在英国，50岁以上的妇女被建议每三年做一次乳房X光检查，而其检查结果由两位单独的专家进行分析。
But interpreting the scans leaves room for error, and a small percentage of all mammograms either return a false positive - misdiagnosing a healthy patient as having cancer - or false negative - missing the disease as it spreads.
但对扫描结果的解读也有可能出错，而且在所有乳房X光检查结果中，有一小部分要么是假阳性(将健康病人误诊为患有癌症)，要么是假阴性(在疾病的传播过程中，没有诊断出疾病)。
Now researchers at Google Health have trained an artificial intelligence model to detect cancer in breast scans from thousands of women in Britain and the United States.
如今谷歌健康中心的研究人员已训练出一个人工智能模型，它可以通过乳房扫描来检测英国和美国数千名女性是否罹患癌症。
The images had already been reviewed by doctors in real life but unlike in a clinical setting, the machine had no patient history to inform its diagnoses.
实际上，医生们已经检查过这些图像了，不过与临床环境不同的是，这台机器不知道病人的病史，也没有据此来进行诊断。
The team found that their AI model could predict breast cancer from the scans with a similar accuracy level to expert radiographers.
该研究团队发现，他们的人工智能模型可以通过扫描检查来预测乳腺癌，而且其准确度与放射科专家相当。
Further, the AI showed a reduction in the proportion of cases where cancer was incorrectly identified - 5.7 percent in the US and 1.2 percent in Britain, respectively.
此外，该人工智能模型还显示，癌症被错误识别的比例有所下降，其中美国降低了5.7%，英国降低了1.2%。
It also reduced the percentage of missed diagnoses by 9.4 percent among US patients and by 2.7 percent in Britain.
美国和英国的漏诊率也分别降低了9.4%和2.7%。
"The earlier you identify a breast cancer the better it is for the patient," Dominic King, UK lead at Google Health, told AFP.
“越早发现乳腺癌，对病人越好，”谷歌健康中心英国分部负责人多米尼克•金告诉法新社。
"We think about this technology in a way that supports and enables an expert, or a patient ultimately, to get the best outcome from whatever diagnostics they've had."
“我们认为这项技术能够支持并最终使专家或患者从他们得到的诊断中获得最 佳结果。”
A computer programme can identify breast cancer from routine scans with greater accuracy than human experts, researchers said in what they hoped could prove a breakthrough in the fight against the global killer.
研究人员称，一种电脑程序可以通过常规扫描准确识别乳腺癌，而且它的准确率比人类专家的更高。他们希望该电脑程序可以在与乳腺癌这一全球杀手的斗争中取得突 破。
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, with more than 2 million new diagnoses last year alone.
乳腺癌是女性最常罹患的癌症之一，仅去年一年就有200多万名新确诊的病例。
Regular screening is vital in detecting the earliest signs of the disease in patients who show no obvious symptoms.
在患者没有明显症状的时候，定期筛查对于发现疾病的早期症状至关重要。
In Britain, women over 50 are advised to get a mammogram every three years, the results of which are analysed by two independent experts.
在英国，50岁以上的妇女被建议每三年做一次乳房X光检查，而其检查结果由两位单独的专家进行分析。
But interpreting the scans leaves room for error, and a small percentage of all mammograms either return a false positive - misdiagnosing a healthy patient as having cancer - or false negative - missing the disease as it spreads.
但对扫描结果的解读也有可能出错，而且在所有乳房X光检查结果中，有一小部分要么是假阳性(将健康病人误诊为患有癌症)，要么是假阴性(在疾病的传播过程中，没有诊断出疾病)。
Now researchers at Google Health have trained an artificial intelligence model to detect cancer in breast scans from thousands of women in Britain and the United States.
如今谷歌健康中心的研究人员已训练出一个人工智能模型，它可以通过乳房扫描来检测英国和美国数千名女性是否罹患癌症。
The images had already been reviewed by doctors in real life but unlike in a clinical setting, the machine had no patient history to inform its diagnoses.
实际上，医生们已经检查过这些图像了，不过与临床环境不同的是，这台机器不知道病人的病史，也没有据此来进行诊断。
The team found that their AI model could predict breast cancer from the scans with a similar accuracy level to expert radiographers.
该研究团队发现，他们的人工智能模型可以通过扫描检查来预测乳腺癌，而且其准确度与放射科专家相当。
Further, the AI showed a reduction in the proportion of cases where cancer was incorrectly identified - 5.7 percent in the US and 1.2 percent in Britain, respectively.
此外，该人工智能模型还显示，癌症被错误识别的比例有所下降，其中美国降低了5.7%，英国降低了1.2%。
It also reduced the percentage of missed diagnoses by 9.4 percent among US patients and by 2.7 percent in Britain.
美国和英国的漏诊率也分别降低了9.4%和2.7%。
"The earlier you identify a breast cancer the better it is for the patient," Dominic King, UK lead at Google Health, told AFP.
“越早发现乳腺癌，对病人越好，”谷歌健康中心英国分部负责人多米尼克•金告诉法新社。
"We think about this technology in a way that supports and enables an expert, or a patient ultimately, to get the best outcome from whatever diagnostics they've had."
“我们认为这项技术能够支持并最终使专家或患者从他们得到的诊断中获得最 佳结果。”
The idea of setting a universal basic income has been around for centuries but remains largely experimental.
建立全民基本收入制度的想法早在几个世纪以前就已经产生了，但是到目前为止，很大程度上还是实验性的。
In the modern era, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has forward the idea, telling Harvard University graduates that "we should explore ideas like universal basic income to make sure that everyone has a cushion to try new ideas."
在现代社会，Facebook创始人马克·扎克伯格提出了这个概念，他告诉哈佛大学的毕业生：“我们应该探索像“全民基本收入”这样的观念，让每一个人都有机会尝试新事物。”
Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Finland have launched trials of universal basic income variations. It gained some momentum among some e conomists, sociologists and tech industry leaders with the advent of technology that allowed factories and businesses to automate the manufacturing of goods and to reduce the size of their human workforces.
加拿大，德国，瑞士和芬兰已经启动了全民基本收入试验。随着科技的出现，工厂和企业能够实现商品制造的自动化，人类劳动力规模相应缩减，因而，该试验得到了一些经济学家，社会学家和技术行业领导者的支持。
1.How the Universal Basic Income Works
全民基本收入如何运作
There are many variations of the universal basic income. The most basic of these proposals would merely replace Social Security, unemployment compensation and public-assistance programs with a basic income for every citizen.
全民基本收入的提议有很多。其中最基础的是，仅用基本收入取代每个公民的社会 保障，失业补偿和公共援助项目。
The U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network supports such a plan, stating that the system of trying to force Americans into the workforce as a way of eliminating poverty has not proven successful.
美国基本收入保障网络支持这样的项目，他们指出，作为消除贫困的一种方式，试图通过迫使美国人进入劳动力市场的方法并没有取得成功。
"Some estimates show that approximately 10 percent of people who work full time all year around live in poverty.
他们表示，“有估计显示，全职工作的人中大约有10%的人仍生活在贫困中。
Hard work and a booming economy have not comes close to eliminating poverty. A universal program like the basic income guarantee could eliminate poverty," the group states.
努力工作和蓬勃发展的经济并没有消除贫困。像基本收入保障这样的全民项目才有可能消除贫困。”
Its plan would provide a level of income "necessary to meet their most basic needs" to every American, regardless of whether they worked, in a system is describes as an "efficient, effective, and equitable solution to poverty that promotes individual freedom and leaves the beneficial aspects of a market economy in place."
它的计划是将为每个美国人提供“满足他们最基本需求所必需”的收入水平，无论他们是否工作。在一个系统里，它被描述为“高效、有效和公平的解决贫困问题的方法，它促进了个人自由并且使市场经济的有利方面得以发挥作用”
2.Why Universal Basic Income Is a Good Idea
为什么全民基本收入是一个好主意
Charles Murray, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and the author of "In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State,” has written that a universal basic income is the best way to maintain a civil society amid what he described as " a coming labor market unlike any in human history."
美国企业研究所的学者，《在我们的手中：取代福利国家的计划》一书的作者查尔斯·默里写道，全民基本收入是维持文明社会的最好方式，他称之为“即将到来的不同于人类历史上任何一个的劳动力市场。”
"It will need to be possible, within a few decades, for a life well lived not to involve a job as traditionally defined."
“在未来几十年内，不需要传统意义上的工作也可以生活美满是有可能实现的。”
3.Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea
为什么全民基本收入是一个坏主意
Critics of a universal basic income say that it creates a disincentive for people to work and it rewards non-productive activities.
全民基本收入的批评者认为它使人们失去工作的动力，还对非生产性活动给予鼓励。
"The struggling entrepreneurs and artists ... are struggling for a reason. For whatever reason, the market has deemed the goods they are providing to be insufficiently valuable. Their work simply isn’t productive according to those who would potentially consume the goods or services in question. In a functioning marketplace, producers of goods the consumers don't want would quickly have to abandon such endeavors and focus their efforts into productive areas of the economy. The universal basic income, however, allows them to continue their less-valued endeavors with the money of those who have actually produced value, which gets to the ultimate problem of all government welfare programs."
“努力奋斗的企业家和艺术家......他们的努力是有原因的。但是不管出于何种原因，市场还是认为他们所提供的商品价值不足。对于那些可能会消费相关商品或服务的人来说，他们的工作根本没有成效。在一个运作良好的市场中，消费者不想要的商品的生产者很快就不得不放弃这种努力，把精力集中在经济生产领域。然而，全民基本收入让他们可以继续用那些真正创造了价值的人的钱进行他们不那么有价值的努力，这就涉及到所有政府福利计划的终极问题。”
Critics also describe the universal basic income as a wealth-distribution scheme that punishes those who work harder and earn more by directing more of their earnings to the program. Those who earn the least benefit the most, creating the disincentive to work, they believe.
批评者还将全民基本收入描述为一种财富分配方案，那些更努力、挣得更多的人被迫投入更多钱用于该项目而被“惩罚”，挣得最少的人却受益最多，他们认为这样的现象造成了工作积极性的下降。
资料来源考试网校老师主讲教材精讲班课程，完整讲义下载进入个人中心>>
