When a person moves from one culture to another, he suddenly finds that much of what he has learned about interpreting the actions of people around him is suddenly irrelevant. He finds that the strategies he has used to influence people or events in certain ways are no longer effective, and the assumptions that guided his understandings and reactions are no longer reliable. Even distinguishing between the significant and the insignificant in a given situation becomes difficult, if not impossible.
【译文】当一个人从一种文化迁移到另一种文化时，会发现许多他曾用来解释周围人们行为的方法突然不再灵验。同时也会发现他曾用来影响人们的方法或处理事情的策略不再有效。曾有助于他理解事情并对事物做出反应的种种设想也不再可靠。甚至对事物在某一情景中的重要性的判断也变得十分困难，也许丧失了这种判断力。
This sudden psychological transition from competent adult to ineffective child inevitably results in the serious impact of the individual’s feelings of selfworth. He experiences feelings of frustration and helplessness. In short, he experiences culture shock.
这种突然的心理转变，使一个心理健全的成年人变成一个无知的小孩，必 然会对个人的自尊心产生严重的影响。使人感到灰心无助。说到底，这就是在经受文化冲击的洗礼。
Culture shock is the result of the removal of the familiar. Suddenly the individual is faced with the necessity of working, commuting, studying, eating, shopping, relaxing, even sleeping, in an unfamiliar environment organized according to unknown rules. In mild form, culture shock shows itself in symptoms of fatigue, irritability and impatience. Being unable to interpret the situations in which they find themselves, people often believe they are being deliberately deceived or exploited by host-country nationals.
人们离开了所熟悉的一切，就会经历文化冲击。一个人突然置身于一个陌生的环境，所面对的工作、学习、旅行、饮食、购物、休闲以及睡眠等活动都会变得无所适从。轻微的文化冲击表现为疲倦，易怒和急躁。由于不能理解所面临的情形，人们经常认为所在国的当地人在有意欺骗或利用他们。
They tend to perceive rudeness where none is intended. Their efficiency and flexibility is often impaired and both work and family suffer. Some people may respond by developing negative stereotypes of the host culture, by refusing to learn the language and by mixing exclusively with people of their own cultural background. In extreme cases, rejection may be so complete that the individual returns immediately to their own culture, regardless of the cost in social, economic or personal terms. Alternatively, people may retreat into their own private world, either mentally or physically.
他们总觉得没得到应有的礼遇。其实，没有人故意这样做。一旦效率和适应性遭到削弱，他们的工作和生活都会受到较大的影响。因而有些人可能还会对所在国的文化产生偏见，拒绝学习其语言。他们的交往也仅仅限于那些来自本族文化的同胞。但对于那些经历极端文化冲击的人来讲，他们会完全拒绝新文化。不顾社会，经济或个人方面所付出的代价，固守自己的原有文化。甚至他们还可能从精神上或身体上与世隔绝，退缩到自己的个人世界里。
Physical symptoms of culture shock may include headaches, stomachaches, constant fatigue, difficulty in sleeping and a general feeling of uneasiness. Unfortunately, many doctors are unfamiliar with culture shock and attempt to treat the symptoms rather than the cause.
文化冲击的影响在身体方面的症状表现为头痛，胃痛，持续疲倦，失眠以及身体不适。遗憾的是，许多医生对文化冲击知之甚少，只能对病症治疗而不究其病因。
The important thing to recognize about culture shock is that it is universal. It is experienced to a greater or lesser degree by all those who move from one culture to another. Experiencing culture shock does not mean that an individual is inflexible or unadaptable. It does mean that recognition of its inevitability can lead to the development of steps to reduce its impact.
文化冲击现象相当普遍，只有认识了这一点，才能真正理解文化冲击。几乎所有从一种文化迁移到另一种文化的人都或多或少地经历过文化冲击。人们经历文化冲击并不意味着他们顽固不化或适应能力差。然而，只有明白了文化冲击是不可避免的，人们才能设法减少其负面影响。
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