Air pollution
空气污染
Background
背景
Outdoor air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone in low, middle, and high-income countries.
室外空气污染是影响低收入、中等收入和高收入国家中每一个人的主要环境卫生问题。
Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in both cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide per year in 2016; this mortality is due to exposure to small particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5), which cause cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and cancers.
2016年，城市和农村地区的环境(室外)空气污染估计导致全世界420万人过早死亡，原因是暴露于直径2.5微米或更小的颗粒物质(PM2.5)，这些颗粒物能导致心血管和呼吸道疾病以及癌症。
People living in low- and middle-income countries disproportionately experience the burden of outdoor air pollution with 91% (of the 4.2 million premature deaths) occurring in low- and middle-income countries, and the greatest burden in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. The latest burden estimates reflect the very significant role air pollution plays in cardiovascular illness and death. More and more, evidence demonstrating the linkages between ambient air pollution and the cardiovascular disease risk is becoming available, including studies from highly polluted areas.
生活在低收入和中等收入国家的人们所承受的室外空气污染负担更重，(在420万过早死亡人数中)有91%发生在低收入和中等收入国家，世卫组织东南亚区域和西太平洋区域面临的负担最重。最新的疾病负担估值显示，空气污染对心血管疾病和死亡会带来重要影响。越来越多的证据表明环境空气污染与心血管疾病风险之间具有关联，这包括来自高污染地区的研究。
In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor smoke from household air pollution is a serious health risk for some 3 billion people who cook and heat their homes with biomass fuels and coal. Some 3.8 million premature deaths were attributable to household air pollution in 2016. Almost all of the burden was in low-middle-income countries. Household air pollution is also a major source of outdoor air pollution in both urban and rural areas.
除了室外空气污染外，对使用生物质燃料和煤做饭取暖的约30亿人来说，室内烟雾也是一个严重的健康风险因素。2016年，约380万例过早死亡是因为家庭空气污染所致。该负担几乎全部在中低收入国家。室内空气污染也是城市和农村地区室外空气污染的一个主要来源。
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