2018年翻译资格考试三级笔译模拟题：经济合作
第一篇
汉译英
多边合作是解决全球金融失衡的关键所在
与20世纪90年代资本流动激增的情况相比，当前私人资本流动的激增伴随着国内政策和全球金融状况的大幅改善。在这一过程中，各国政府迄今都尽量避免出现总需求过度扩张、经常项目巨额赤字和实际汇率大幅升值的情况。但是，管理资本流动的政策议程既广泛，又复杂，依然存在重大挑战。
许多国家的资本管制和汇率限制错综复杂，在简化这些措施方面，已经取得了进展。但是，在逐步开放资本项目的网时，必须进一步加强宏观经济政策，发展本国资本市场和市场监管的相应制度，建立一个有力的风险管理体系，应对汇率制度更灵活、资本项目更开放所带来的需求。资本项目一旦开放，就难以逆转。重返资本管制应该被看作最后的政策举措，只是用来抑制汇率的过度波动，或者是在利率和干预外汇市场等政策证明无效时，用来调节资本的大量流入。
虽然近年来在政策方面进行了较大改进，资本流动的激增依然给发展中国家带来了重大风险。与过去遇到的风险有所不同，经济和金融稳定今后面临的风险很可能改头换面，也可能暴露出现在还无法预料的制度和宏观经济的薄弱环节。可能出现麻烦的一个警报信号是，随着证券投资流入的激增，许多发展中国家，尤其是亚洲的股票市场价格和估值大幅攀升，从而增加了资本价格出现泡沫的风险。其它可能出现麻烦的迹象是，东欧一些国家的汇率升值，经常项目赤字增加。如果几种风险同时出现，则单个风险的影响就会放大。
国际社会应该继续努力，推动发展中国家的各项政策，以实现稳定，保持一个有利于发展中国家以均衡的方式扩大和利用资本流动的金融环境。影响稳定的一个主要风险是全球支付体系的不断失衡，市场随之会担心失衡现象有可能带来通过突然改变汇率和全球利率的无序调整。这种变化可能会造成国际金融市场的不稳定和混乱，结果将给所有国家带来不利影响。
虽然采取协调政策对外汇市场进行干预既不可取，也不可行，但是要解决目前的全球失衡问题，进行一定程度的多边合作还是必要的。这种做法基于逆差国和顺差国的共同利益，应该反映国际储备货币和其它货币之间的结构性不对称。其核心问题在于如何形成共识，采取综合调整措施，重新平衡全球总需求，同时避免引发全球经济衰退。一般而言，关键国家之间进行政策协调并无必要，因为浮动汇率、配套的货币政策以及独立的中央银行等因素，都能够针对世界经济所遭受的冲击而进行调整。然而，如果解决全球支付失衡的融资渠道的可持续性受到质疑，正如当前形势一样，那么开展多边合作，预防突然、无序的市场反应，就是非常可取的举措，尤其是考虑到不断增加的全球失衡给一些国家带来了贸易保护主义政策的压力。
对于发展中国家来说，开展多边合作，它们尤其可以从中获益良多;反之，则受损多多。如果经济不稳定，全球金融失衡出现无序发展，这些国家就会遭到更巨大的重创。世界经济正在走向一个多极化的国际货币体系，其中美国、欧元区、日本以及包括中国在内的几个重要新兴市场经济体的货币和金融政策，都在发挥着重大影响。因此，新兴市场经济体的政策制定者应该努力强化制度，推动有利的政策机制，在世界金融和生产体系一体化程度和相互依存度越来越高的情况下，提高自身的参与能力。
参考译文
Multilateral Cooperation Is Key to Resolving Global Financial Imbalances
The current surge in private capital flows has occurred in the midst of much-improved domestic policies and global financial conditions compared with those that prevailed during the capital flows surge of the l990s. 1 This time around, governments have so far generally managed to avoid excessive expansion of aggregate demand, large current-account deficits, and sharp appreciations of the real exchange rate. However, the policy agenda for managing capital flows is broad and complex, and considerable challenges remain.
Progress has been made in simplifying the very complex web of capital controls and exchange rate restrictions imposed by many countries. 2 But the gradual opening of capital accounts must be accompanied by a further strengthening of macroeconomic policies, the development of local capital markets and the institutions needed to regulate them, and the establishment of a system of risk management robust enough to respond to the needs of a more flexible exchange rate and open capital account. 3 Liberalization of the capital account once implemented is difficult to reverse. A return to capital controls should be seen only as a policy of last resort, to be used to dampen excessive exchange rate volatility or to moderate large inflows of capital when other policies, such as interest rates and intervention in foreign exchange markets, prove fruitless.
Despite the considerable improvement in policies in recent years, the surge in capital flows still presents substantial risks to developing countries. Future risks to economic and financial stability will likely take a different form and character4 than those encountered in the past - and may expose institutional and macroeconomic weaknesses that cannot be anticipated at this juncture. One warning sign of potential troubles has been the surge in portfolio inflows that has been associated with a dramatic escalation of stock market prices and valuations in many developing countries5, particularly in Asia, raising the risk of asset price bubbles. Other signs of possible trouble are appreciated exchange rates and current account deficits in some Eastern European countries. The impact of individual risks could be magnified if several were to occur simultaneously.
Developing-country policies must be reinforced by renewed international efforts to promote stability and maintain a financial environment conducive to a balanced expansion and deployment6 of capital flows in developing countries. One major risk to stability is the growing imbalance in global payments and the associated market anxiety/ about the possibility of a disorderly adjustment of the imbalance through sudden changes in exchange rates and global interest rates. Such changes could destabilize and disrupt international financial markets, which would cause all countries to suffer.
Although a coordinated policy of intervention in foreign currency markets is neither desirable nor feasible, a degree of multilateral cooperation is needed to address the current global imbalances. That approach, based on the mutual interests of deficit and surplus countries, should reflect the structural asymmetry between international reserve currencies and other currencies. At its center must be consensus on a blend of adjustments8 adequate to rebalance global aggregate demand without causing a global recession. Ordinarily, policy coordination among key players9 is unnecessary, because floating exchange rates, accompanying l0 monetary policies, and independent central banks do their job to facilitate adjustment to any shocks hitting the world economy. 11 But when the sustainability of the sources of financel2 for global payment imbalances is in doubt, as it is at present, multilateral cooperation to prevent sudden and disorderly market reactions becomes highly desirable13, especially if the growing global imbalances create pressure for protectionist trade policies in some countries.
Developing countries, in particular, have much to gain from multilateral cooperation, and much to lose from its absence14, and they would suffer disproportionately if instability were induced and a disorderly unwinding of global financial imbalances ensued. The world economy is moving toward a multipolar international monetary system in which the monetary and financial policies of the United States, Euro Area, Japan, and several key emerging market economies, including China, all exert substantial influence. Policymakers in emerging market economies should therefore strive to strengthen institutions and promote policies and mechanisms that will improve their ability to navigate in a world of increasingly integrated and interdependent financial and production systems. 15
第二篇
汉译英
尊重知识产权，推动自主创新
改革开放以来，中国经济飞速发展，对外贸易成绩显著1。中国经济和对外贸易发展的良好局面来之不易，这与我国政府尊重和重视知识产权是分不开的。随着科学技术的发展、知识经济的兴起和经济全球化进程的加快，知识产权的重要性得到了历史性提升。经过二十多年的努力，中国知识产权事业全面发展，为鼓励自主创新，增强自主研发能力，提高国际竞争力提供了坚实基础和有力保障2。
当今世界，知识产权制度的变革与发展已进入一个空前活跃的阶段，知识产权在世界经济、科技和贸易中的重要地位日益显现，并成为促进一个国家经济发展的至关重要的因素。
强化知识产权制度，已成为世界各国发展科技、经济和增强国力的必然选择。3日本明确提出从科技立国到知识产权立国的基本国策;4美国将知识产权当作国家基础性的战略资源，把强化知识产权保护作为重要的竞争手段，把深化知识产权管理特别是对专利的管理作为指导科技创新、经济结构调整以及产业技术结构优化升级的重要手段。从国际大环境来看，知识产权保护范围正在不断扩大，知识产权保护水平正在进一步提高，围绕知识产权的竞争日益加剧5。知识产权已成为连接技术、经济和贸易的纽带。
未来15年，是中国走新型工业化道路，实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的关键时期，也是我国实现贸易大国向贸易强国跨越的关键时期。6要实现外贸增长方式的根本转变，提高对外贸易的质量和效益，就必须重视自主知识产权和自主品牌7的带动作用，通过加强知识产权制度建设，提高企业自主创新能力和核心竞争力。没有完善的知识产权保护体系，中国的自主创新的能力就不可能得到释放，8这不仅关系中国的形象，更影响我们自身的发展，事关中国的利益。9本世纪前20年，是中国走新型工业化道路，全面建设小康社会，加速现代化建设进程的战略机遇期。我们要牢牢把握机遇，利用和保护知识产权，培育和推动企业自主创新能力建设，加快创造和培育中国高科技的自主知识产权和自主品牌的步伐。我们要让全世界知道，中国不是只有价廉物美的纺织品和轻工产品，还有更多体现民族聪明才智的自主知识产权高新技术产品和自主品牌。
参考译文
Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and IPR Protection
Since reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing rapidly with tremendous achievements in foreign trade. The upbeat situation of China's economy and foreign trade is hard won, and is inseparable from the respect and attention paid by the Chinese government to IPR protection. With the development of science and technology, the rise of knowledge-based economy, and the acceleration of economic globalization, the importance of intellectual property has been enhanced historically, Through efforts over the last two decades, intellectual property has gained overall development in China, thus laying a solid foundation and constituting a strong guarantee for encouraging independent innovation, strengthening independent research and development capacity, and boosting international competitiveness.
In today's world, the reform and development of IPR system has entered an unprecedentedly dynamic stage. Intellectual property has played an increasingly prominent role in world economy, science and technology and trade, as well as a vital factor behind a nation's economic growth. To strengthen their IPR protection system has become a natural choice for countries that wish to develop science, technology and economy and enhance national strength. Japan has explicitly put forward the basic state policy of "building the country through intellectual property", replacing the previous one of "building the country through science and technology". The U.S. takes intellectual property as a fundamental national strategic resource. It identifies IPR protection as an important tool in competition, and deepening IPR management, especially patent management, as a significant instrument to guide technological innovation, economic restructuring and optimization and upgrading of industrial technological structure. In this global context, the coverage of IPR protection is widening, the level of protection is becoming higher, and competition centering on IPR is getting ever fiercer. Intellectual property has become a bridge linking technology, economy and trade.
The coming 15 years is a crucial period for China to take a new approach to industrialization and realize the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and also a crucial period for China to transform itself from a big trading country to a strong trading power. The fundamental transformation of the developmental mode of foreign trade and improvement of the quality and effect of foreign trade demand attention to the driving role of proprietary IPR and brands. Through a strengthened IPR system, the innovation capability and core competitiveness of enterprises will be enhanced. Without a sound IPR protection system, it will be impossible for China to release its independent innovation capability. That has a bearing not only on China's image but also on her development and her interests.
The first 2 decades of this century is a period of strategic opportunities for China to take a new approach to industrialization, build a well-off society in an all-round way and expedite the modernization drive. We must grip the opportunities, protect and utilize IPR, foster and promote capacity building among enterprises for independent innovation, and accelerate the creation and cultivation of China's proprietary IPR and brands in the high-tech sector. We will show the whole world that China not only makes textile and light industry products featuring low price and good quality , but also makes high-tech products and brands with proprietary IPR that speak for the talent and wisdom of the Chinese nation.
第三篇
汉译英
过去十年中，世界资本市场完成了全球化的变革。在未来十年里，全球化将复制到整个经济的其他各个领域当中。具有国际性眼光成为企业管理的核心要素。缺乏这样的眼光，管理者就等于闭目塞听，在无知经营，对周遭发生的情况和变化一无所知。
而到了下个世纪，劳动力构成将与本世纪发生很大的不同，一方面是由于经济的全球化，另一方面则是由于人口的流动。到那时，大多数公司将会雇用更多的外国员工。你和老板极有可能就是不同国籍的。人口和社会风尚方面出现的变化意味着，社会上女性和少数民族的地位不断提升，白人男子将变成劳动力群体的少数。所有这些都要求传统的劳动力管理方式作出改变。
另外，过去人们认为采用批量生产和参与型管理模式无法保证产品和服务的优质。要获得优质的产品和服务，客观要求具有更高教育素质和专门技术的劳动者。要求生产工人有能力做数据质控;有能力做即时盘存。管理者的管理方式，将很快从“不必思考，照我的话去做”的老一套转变为“自己思考，我不会教你怎么做”的新方式。
参考译文
The globalization of the world's capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms.
Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and nunorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force.
In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just- in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don't think do what you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management.
第四篇
汉译英
随着社会主义市场经济的逐步完善，中国大多数企业的社会责任意识也在不断增强。它们恪守诚信，合法经营，努力为国内外消费者提供高质量的商品，注重节约，保护环境，努力履行社会义务。一些企业还主动发布社会责任报告，公开履行社会责任状况，自觉接受社会监督。当然，受经济发展水平和发展阶段的制约，中国经济增长方式还比较粗放，能源资源消耗多，环境保护压力大，少数企业还存在一些片面追求经济效益、忽视社会责任的行为。
企业社会责任运动自上世纪80年代兴起后，已经成为世界潮流。强调企业社会责任，就是要求企业对投资者负责的同时，对员工负责，对消费者负责，对商业伙伴负责，对环境和社会负责。国内外企业的成功经验表明，社会责任也是企业的品牌，是企业核心竞争力的组成部分，是企业长盛不衰的重要法宝。企业要生存和发展，就必须增强社会责任意识，积极履行社会义务。我们有理由相信，未来的企业竞争，将不再仅仅是产品的竞争、技术的竞争和人才的竞争，更是履行社会责任的竞争。“赠人玫瑰，手有余香”。企业在履行社会责任、促进社会和谐的同时，自身也会得到更大的发展。
参考译文
As the socialist market economy gradually improves, there is also a growing sense of social responsibility among the vast majority of Chinese companies. They abide by the code of ethics and lawful operation and are committed to providing high-quality products for domestic and foreign consumers. They pay attention to conservation, environmental protection and CSR fulfillment.
Some companies go even further by publishing their CSR reports to disclose their CSR performance and to voluntarily subject themselves to public scrutiny. Of course, constrained by the level and stage of its economic development, China still practices a rough-edged economic growth model, featuring high energy and resources consumption and high environmental costs. A handful of companies are still single-mindedly seeking profits and turning a blind eye to their social responsibilities.
Since the 1980s, CSR has become to a global trend. Putting emphasis on CSR means companies not only have to be responsible to their investors, but also to their employees, customers, business partners, and to the environment and society. International success stories also show that CSR is part of a company's brand image and its core competitiveness. It is a vital source of sustained prosperity for business. So in order to survive and grow, it is imperative that companies should raise their CSR awareness and actively fulfill their social responsibilities. We have every reason to believe that future business competition will diversify from specific products, technology and talents toward CSR performance. As the proverb goes, "The rose is in her hand and the fragrance in mine". Companies benefit from their efforts to honor CSR and promote social harmony.
