2018年翻译资格考试三级笔译模拟题：经济发展
第一篇
汉译英
经济发展得越快越好吗?
近年来，不少人或撰文或著书，已经提出质疑：为经济而发展经济，至少在较富裕的工业化国家究竟有无必要?诚然，经济增长得越快的确意味着更多的财富，而且大多数人都追求财富，这是勿庸置疑的。“富裕也罢，贫穷也罢，我都经历过。说实话，富裕当然胜过贫穷。”一位知名演员曾这样向采访者坦言。大多数人在整体上对经济似乎也持同样观点。他们认为，健康的经济必须能够生产出大批量的鞋子、食品、汽车和电视机。当某个经济体的这种产出能力不再扩大，人们就认为它遭遇了经济停滞。
从亚当·斯密到卡尔·马克思，许多经济学家都认识到经济增长的好处。马克思认为资本主义至少在其历史发展的初期确实是一种重要的经济组织形式，它使整个社会摆脱了中世纪的桎梏。马克思认为“单凭社会生产能力的发展这一点就能为社会生产能力的更高形式打下坚实基础，成为更高一级社会形式的根基。”马克思还告诉我们，只有当这种强大的生产能力有了长足的发展之后，人们才能拥有“一个以个人的完全自由发展为指导原则的社会。”换言之，只有富足的经济才能使每个社会成员的自我需求得到充分满足。这种满足体现为：在工作中施展才能或是在不断丰富的休闲活动中尽情放松。
然而对于一个已经非常富足的社会而言是否有必要再一味追求发展，人们对此的质疑，无疑是有充分说服力的。一味地追求产品数量的增长已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。比如环境污染，交通拥挤，需特殊处理废物的激增，以及由此造成的负面心理及社会影响。人们认为，工业化的出现，已经把以往工匠们给人以享受的创造性工作，变成了流水线上毫无人性的机械化操作。它使街头堆满了垃圾，空气中弥漫着烟雾，食品中残留着有毒农药。问题在于，那些大量的冷冻食品、说话娃娃、收音机和止痛药能否弥补工业化给社会造成的巨大代价。
正如一位著名的经济学家所言：西方社会一味地追求经济发展，总体看来，非但没有优化人们的社会生活，相反有恶化趋势。科技创新也许给人们带来了物质上的满足，但是由于更新换代的速度太快，反而使人们倍感焦虑;通讯方式更加快捷了，人们却更加孤独了;社会流动性增强了，人们反而疲于奔命;汽车更加普及了，人们反而更加疏远了;看电视的时间多了，人们交流的机会少了。结果人们与周围邻居之间从来没有像现在这样陌生。
几乎所有的经济学家都认为这种关注并非杞人忧天，尽管很多人并不认为经济的增长就是罪魁祸首。然而他们一致强调：水和空气污染、噪音、交通拥挤、机械性的工作等问题的确是很严重的现实问题。社会确实没有任何理由不尽一切努力解决好这些问题。
参考译文
Is More Growth Really Better?
A number of writers have raised questions about the desirability of faster economic growth as an end in itself, at least in the wealthier industrialized countries. Yet faster growth does mean more wealth, and to most people the desirability of wealth is beyond question. "I've been rich and I've been poor - and I can tell you, rich is better, " a noted stage personality is said to have told an interviewer, and most people seem to have the same attitude about the economy as a whole. To those who hold this belief, a healthy economy is one that is capable of turning out vast quantities of shoes, food, cars, and TV sets. An economy whose capacity to provide all these things is not expanding is said to have succumbed to the disease of stagnation.
Economists from Adam Smith to Karl Marx saw great virtue in economic growth. Marx argued that capitalism, at least in its earlier historical stages, was a vital form of economic organization by which society got out of the rut in which the medieval stage of history had trapped it. Marx believed that "the development of the productive powers of society…alone can form the real basis of a higher form of productive powers of society". Marx went on to tell us that only where such great productive powers have been unleashed can one have "a society in which the full and free development of every individual forms the ruling principle." In other words, only a wealthy economy can afford to give all individuals the opportunity for full personal satisfaction through the use of their special abilities in their jobs and through increased leisure activities.
Yet the desirability of further economic growth for a society that is already wealthy has been questioned on grounds that undoubtedly have a good deal of validity. It is pointed out that the sheer increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form of pollution, crowding, proliferation of wastes that need disposal, and debilitating psychological and social effects. It is said that industry has transformed the satisfying and creative tasks of the artisan into the mechanical and dehumanizing routine of the assembly line. It has dotted our road sides with junkyards, filled our air with smoke, and poisoned our food with dangerous chemicals. The question is whether the outpouring of frozen foods, talking dolls, radios, and headache remedies is worth its high cost to society. As one well-known economist put it:
The continued pursuit of economic growth by Western Societies is more likely on balance to reduce rather than increase social welfare… Technological innovations may offer to add to men's material opportunities. But by increasing the risks of their obsolescence it adds also to their anxiety. Swifter means of communications have the paradoxical effect of isolating people; increased mobility has led to more hours commuting; increased automobilization to increased separation; more television to less communication. 10 In consequence, people know less of their neighbors than ever before.
Virtually every economist agrees that these concerns are valid, though many question whether economic growth is their major cause. Nevertheless, they all emphasize that pollution of air and water, noise and congestion, and the mechanization of the work process are very real and very serious problems. There is every reason for society to undertake programs that grapple with these problems.
第二篇
汉译英
什么是全球化？
全球化是描述全球社会出现的一个术语，在这个社会中，世界上一个区域在经济、政治、环境、文化方面的事件会很快对世界其它地区的人们产生重大影响。2全球化是通信、运输、信息科技发展的结果。它体现了连接个体、社区、公司以及各国政府间日益增长的经济、政治、科技文化联系。全球化包括多国公司和跨国公司的成长。监管世界贸易和金融的国际机构3在全球化时代发挥着日益重要的作用。4
尽管绝大多数人依然是单一国家的公民，然而他们却比以往任何时候在文化上、物质上、心理上5更多地参与着其它国家人民的生活。遥远的事件通常会产生迅速重大的影响6，我们生活中的日常用品，如我们穿的衣服、吃的食物、开的汽车——都是全球化的产品。
全球化最明显的证据是贸易和资本(股票、债券、货币和其它投资)流动的增长。自1950年到2001年全球出口额7增加了20倍。到2001年世界贸易已增至全球生产的产品和提供的服务总和的四分之一。就资本而言，在20世纪70年代早期，日成交货币只有一百亿到两百亿美元。到21世纪初，日货币交易已逾1.5兆亿美元。
大多数专家认为全球化是通信、运输和信息科技改善的结果8。例如，由于通信和信息处理的革新，不仅货币，股票、证券以及其他金融资产一天二十四小时9都能够在全球范围内进行交易。从纽约到伦敦一个三分钟长的电话在1930年花费超过300美元(按2000年的价格计算)，瞬间的通讯非常昂贵。如今这类花费已微不足道。10
通信和信息技术的进步使得商业订单的处理成本节省90%以上。比如，11利用计算机在互联网上进行银行交易，对银行业来说每笔花费几分钱，而用传统方法就会要花费数美元。20世纪的后30年计算机处理能力的实际成本平均每年下降30%。人们几乎在任何地方都能与他们的顾客、家人一周七天、一天24小时保持迅捷的联系。
通信领域的进步将全球的人们随时联结起来。例如通讯卫星使全球广播、电视新闻事件，如战争、国家灾难、体育赛事和其他娱乐活动等。互联网、手机和传真机实现了迅捷通信。
全球化的另一表现是交通运输条件的改善。喷气式飞机的次日货物递送使世界变得越来越小。即使是速度缓慢的远洋运输货轮也由于集装箱货运这样的革新，提高了效率12、降低了成本。
信息科技的进步也降低了13商业成本。例如，按股票市场价值计算，全球思科系统公司14是世界上最大的公司之一。然而思科仅有三家工厂生产用于互联网维护的设备，而将其他的工作转包给了别的公司。
成本的降低使美国公司得以移到海外，同时也使外国制造商在美国境内设厂更为容易。日本丰田汽车公司在北美销售的汽车三分之二是在北美制造的。
不仅是货物、货币和信息在迅速地长途移动，越来越多的人口也在大范围快速流动。移民是全球化时代的一个重要特征。工人们寄回本国的钱已经成为很多国家的重要收入来源。
参考译文
What Is Globalization?
Globalization is a term for the emergence of a global society in which economic, political, environmental, and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world. Globalization is the result of advances in communication, transportation, and information technologies. It describes the growing economic, political, technological, and cultural linkages that connect individuals, communities, businesses, and governments around the world. Globalization also involves the growth of multinational corporations and transnational corporations. The international institutions that oversee world trade and finance play an increasingly important role in this era of globalization.
Although most people continue to live as citizens of a single nation, they are culturally, materially, and psychologically engaged with the lives of people in other countries as never before. Distant events often have an immediate and significant impact. Items common to our everyday lives - such as the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and the cars we drive - are the products of globalization.
The most dramatic evidence of globalization is the increase in trade and the movement of capital (stocks, bonds, currencies, and other investments). From 1950 to 2001 the volume of world exports rose by 20 times. By 2001 world trade amounted to a quarter of all the goods and services produced in the world. As for capital, in the early l970s only $ 10 billion to $ 20 billion in national currencies were exchanged daily. By the early part of the 2lst century more than $ 1.5 trillion were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and investment
Most experts attribute globalization to improvements in communication, transportation, and information technologies. For example, not only currencies, but also stocks, bonds, and other financial assets can be traded round the clock and around the world due to innovations in communication and information processing. A three-minute telephone call from New York City to London in 1930 cost more than $ 300 (in year 2000 prices) , making instant communication very expensive. Today the cost is insignificant.
Advances in communication and information technologies have helped slash the cost of processing business orders by well over 90 percent. Using a computer to do banking on the Internet, for example, costs the banking industry pennies per transaction instead of dollars by traditional methods. Over the last third of the 20th century the real cost of computer processing power fell by 35 percent on average each year. People can be almost anywhere and remain in instant communication with their employers, customers, or families 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Advances in communications instantly unite people around the globe. For example, communications satellites allow global television broadcasts to bring news of faraway events, such as wars and national disasters as well as sports and other forms of entertainment. The Internet, the cell phone, and the fax machine permit instantaneous communication. Improvements in transportation are also part of globalization. The world becomes smaller due to next-day delivery by jet airplane. Even slow, oceangoing vessels have streamlined transportation and lowered costs due to innovations such as containerized shipping.
Advances in information technologies have also lowered business costs. The global corporation Cisco Systems, for example, is one of the world's largest companies as measured by its stock market value. Yet Cisco owns only three factories to make the equipment used to help maintain the Internet. Cisco subcontracts the rest of its work to other companies around the world.
The lowering of costs that has enabled U. S. companies to locate abroad has also made it easier for foreign producers to locate in the United States. Two-thirds of the automobiles sold in North America by Japan's Toyota Motor Company are built in North America
Not only do goods, money, and information move great distances quickly, but also more people are moving great distances as well. Migration is a major feature of this era of globalization. Remittances sent home by workers to their home countries have become an important source of income for many countries.
第三篇
汉译英
旗游、全球化与可持续发展
旅游是全球经济中一个快速增长的领域，因而发展中国家正努力从这一快速增长的产业中获利，以促进海外投资、增加金融储备。联合国一方面承认，该产业的无序发展会造成严重的环境和社会问题，另一方面却坚持认为这些负面影响可以得到控制和减小。
在了解全球经济的严酷现实之前，让我先讲个故事为大家热热身。最近我在报纸上看到泰国林业部高官称：“人类无法生活在森林里，因为人类不是动物;动物与人类不同，能够自然地适应荒野和其它环境。”他的话令我非常困惑。这种说法将使政府将数以万计的边远练习参考答案和山区部落人民逐出保护地的计划合法化。这位负责森林保护的官员正在以“生态旅游”为名义积极推动向海外投资商和游客开放该国的81家森林公园。我们由此是否可以断定，这位林业高官把开发商和游客看作了动物，他们知道如何适应在森林中的环境、在荒野里自然地生存的动物?
尽管当局要禁止村民接近林地和自然资源，而另一群人，那些旅游开发商和出手阔绰的游客，却能获准进入这一地区。当局认为世世代代生活在这里的当地居民没有能力通过诸如社区森林保护规划之类的方法管理其土地和自然资源，唯当局自身却坚信他们可以在全国生态旅游规划之下，与旅游部门合作，妥善地管理并保护“自然”。倘若上述说法当真，那些愤世嫉俗的人也许不禁要说，看来“人权”与“动物权”之间鸿沟确实不小。
这怎么会与全球化联系在一起呢?首先，人类不能生活在森林里，这本来并不是泰国人的观念，而是西方环保意识的影响——也即观念全球化的一个结果。同样，建立在“良好的管理”体制下的生态旅游有益于当地人民和自然的观念也是一个正在全球化的西方观念。事实上，泰国林业高官表面上着眼的是全球，实际上着力的却是本部门的利益。在这一点上有个教训：多年来环保运动提倡的“着限全球，着力本地”的口号，并没有被用来保护环境、捍卫当地社区的权利，而是被官方机构和私人企业共同曲解谋利了。旅游业在这一点上的表现可以说是淋漓尽致了。
许多发展中国家面临着沉重的债务负担和日益刻薄的贸易条款，转而提升旅游业，以期得到外汇、吸引投资。与此同时，世界银行、联合国各部门等主要国际机构和世界旅行及旅游业理事会之类的商业组织已经从实质上已参与进来，使旅游业事实上成为一个全球产业。
然而，在批评家看来，发展中国家的旅游业往往是先前殖民统治的延续，因为从一开始，它就从国际经济关系上获益，而这种关系从结构上讲有利于北半球发达资本主义国家。不平等的贸易关系、对海外利益的依赖和劳动的分工，使南半球的穷国沦为旅游的接受者，而北半球的富国则处于旅游生产者的地位，他们不必为众所周知的对旅游目的地造成的负面影响买单。
IV Translate the following passage into Chinese
贸易保护主义考验全球经济
2000年全球共有反倾销案251起，略高于20世纪90年代年均232起的数字。但是， 2001年，反倾销案件猛增到创记录的348起。这个的统计数字表明贸易保护主义正在迅速 蔓延，并日益成为国际贸易中一个严重的问题。
事实表明，一旦经济陷入衰退，贸易保护主义就会抬头。2002年3月20日，美国正式 启动201祭款，对进口钢材加征30%的进口关税，这就是贸易保护主义的最好例证。
参考译文
Tourism, Globalization and Sustainable Development
Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced.
Before getting into the cold facts of global economics, let me begin with another story to warm up. I was perplexed when I recently read in the newspaper that Thailand's forestry chief had said: "Humans can't live in the forest because human beings aren't animals. Unlike us, animals can adapt themselves to the wild or any environment naturally. "This was to legitimatize the government's plan to remove hundreds of thousands of rural and hill tribe people from protected areas. This man, who is in charge of conserving the forests, is at the same time very strongly pushing to open up the country's 81 national parks to outside investors and visitors in the name of "eco-tourism". Can we conclude, then, that the forestry chief considers developers and tourists as animals that know how to adapt to the forest and behave in the wild naturally?
While authorities want to stop the access to forest lands and natural resources of village people, another group of people - namely tourism developers and tourists with lots of money to spend - are set to gain access to the area. While authorities believe that local people, who have often lived in the area for generations, are not capable of managing and conserving their land and natural resources - under a community forestry scheme for example - they believe they themselves in cooperation with the tourist industry can properly manage and conserve "nature" under a national eco-tourism plan. Taking the above quote seriously, cynics may be tempted to say there is obviously a gap between "human rights" and "animal rights".
How is this story linked to globalization? First of all, that humans cannot live in the forest is - of course - not a Thai concept. It is a notion of Western conservation ideology - an outcome of the globalization of ideas and perceptions. Likewise, that eco-tourism under a "good management" system is beneficial to local people and nature is also a Western concept that is being globalized. In fact, Thailand's forestry chief thinks globally and acts locally. A lesson that can be learned from this is that the slogan "Think Globally, Act Locally" that the environmental movements have promoted all the years, has not necessarily served to preserve the environment and safeguard local communities' rights, but has been co-opted and distorted by official agencies and private industries for profit-making purposes. The tourism industry is demonstrating this all too well
Many developing countries, facing debt burdens and worsening trade terms, have turned to tourism promotion in the hope that it brings foreign exchange and investment. Simultaneously, leading international agencies such as the World Bank, United Nations agencies and business organizations like the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) have been substantially involved to make tourism a truly global industry.
However, tourism in developing countries is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions because from the very beginning, it has benefited from international economic relationships that structurally favor the advanced capitalist countries in the North. Unequal trading relationships, dependence on foreign interests, and the division of labor have relegated Door countries in the South to becoming tourism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators, with the latter enjoying the freedom from having to pay the price for the meanwhile well-known negative impacts in destinations.
第四篇
汉译英
美国钢铁业由于自身的结构问题，再加上本国经济萧条的打击，许多钢铁公司纷纷倒 闭。出于政治上的原因，布什政府挥起了“钢铁大棒”，保护本国的钢铁业，引发了钢材出 口国的强烈不满。
美国是发起对外反倾销案最多的国家，其次是加拿大、印度和欧盟。而中国则是反倾销 案最主要的打击目标之一。
反倾销调查最终经常会导致加征进口税，目的在于增加出口商的销售成本，保护本国产 品的竞争力。虽然很多实施反倾销行动的国家宣称他们的行为是合法的，但是无可否认，反 倾销的根本目的是保护本国竞争力低下的生产者。
美国的201条款还不同于普通的反倾销、反补贴措施，它不要求调查出口国是否进行了 不公平的贸易活动，只要求对国内相关行业是否因进口增加而受损进行调查即可。这种紧急 保护措施较普通的反倾销更随意，也更为严厉。
结果，欧盟、日本、韩国等国都在世界贸易组织向美国提出起诉，并准备采取紧急保护 措施。贸易战可能会从钢铁扩展到其他产业，而全球贸易的稳定将经受新一轮的考验。
参考译文
World Economy Tested by Trade Protectionism
There were 251 anti-dumping cases put on file throughout the world in 2000, a slightly higher number than the annual average of 232 cases throughout the 1990s. In the single year of 2001, however, the number suddenly rose to a record high of 348, indicating a rapid spread of trade protectionism, an increasingly serious problem in world trade.
Trade protectionism begins to prevail when economic depression occurs. The best proof of this was the U. S. Trade and Tariff Act's Section 201, which was made effective on March 20, 2002, and imposed a 300/o ad valorem duty on imported steel.
Due to structural problems in the domestic steel industry and the negative impact of economic depression in the United States, many U.S. steel producers went bankrupt. For political reasons, the Bush Administration began to rely on its "Steel Stick" to protect the domestic steel industry, a move strongly opposed by many steel-exporting countries.
The United States ranks first in taking anti-dumping cases against other countries, and is followed by Canada, India and the European Union. China is one of the main target countries of anti-dumping actions.
Anti-dumping investigations often end in an increase in duties, with the aim of raising exporters' sales costs to protect the competitiveness of domestic goods. Most countries allege legal validity in their anti-dumping actions. The ultimate purpose, however, is to protect domestic producers that are less competitive.
Section 201 differs from ordinary anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measure in that it does not require an investigation into the alleged unfair trade activities by the exporting country. Instead it only requires an investigation into whether the domestic industry is injured by the increase in imported goods. This protective measure taken in an urgent situation is more random and severe than ordinary anti-dumping actions.
As a result, the European Union, Japan and South Korea have brought accusations against the U.S. to the WTO and are ready to take urgent protective measures. As it is likely that the trade war in the steel industry will spread to other industries, world trade stability will be subject to another round of trials and tribulations.
