2018年5月CATTI笔译备考练习专题材料：地理篇
丽江古城，又名“大研古镇”，海拔2400米，是丽江纳西族自治县的中心城市，是中国历史文化名城之一，世界文化遗产。位于中国西南部云南省的丽江市，坐落在丽江坝中部，玉龙雪山下，北倚象山、金虹山、西枕狮子山;与同为第二批国家历史文化名城的四川阆中、山西平遥、安徽歙县并称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”。是第二批被批准的中国历史文化名城之一，是中国仅有的以整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古县城之一(另一座为山西平遥古城)。
The Old Town of Lijiang at 2,400m altitude, also known as "Dayan Ancient Town", is the central city of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. As a famous historical cultural city in China, the Old Town of Lijiang was listed as a World Heritage Site. The Town is located in the center of Lijiangba of Yunnan Province in Southwest China and lies at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain with Xiangshan Mountain and Jinhong Mountain to the north and Shizi Mountain to the west. The Old Town of Lijiang, together with three other national historical cities - Langzhong City of Sichuan Province, Pingyao City of Shanxi Province and Shexian County of Anhui Province - are regarded as "Four Ancient Cities of Best Preservation". As one of the second batch of historical cultural cities in China, the Old Town of Lijiang is one of the two ancient counties (the other being the Pingyao Ancient City of Shanxi Province) included in the World Cultural Heritage list as the whole ancient city.
西递、宏村古民居位于中国东部安徽省黟县境内的黄山风景区，是皖南民居中最富有代表性的两座古村落，以其世外桃源般的田园风光、保存完好的村落形态、工艺精湛的徽派民居和丰富多彩的历史文化内涵而闻名天下。 西递、宏村于1999年12月根据文化遗产遴选标准被列入《世界遗产名录》。
Xidi and Hongcun are the two most outstanding ancient villages located in the Mount Huangshan Scenic Area of Yi County, Anhui Province in east China, well known for their extraordinary landscape, properly preserved village form, exquisite Anhui-style villages and profound historic and cultural connotations. In December 1999, Xidi and Hongcun were included in the World Heritage List.
平遥古城位于山西省中部平遥县内，是一座具有2700多年历史的文化名城，它建于14世纪，是现今保存完整的汉民族城市的杰出范例，城内居民约有50,000人，城市街道和城墙依然保留了明清建筑风格。山西平遥与同为第二批国家历史文化名城的四川阆中、云南丽江、安徽歙县并称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”，也是中国仅有的以整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古县城之一(另一座为丽江古城)。
The Ancient City of Pingyao is located in central Shanxi Province. Built in the 14th century, it is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,700 years and is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a traditional Han Chinese city. With a population of 50,000, it preserves the urban streets and walls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Pingyao in Shanxi, Langzhong in Sichuan, Lijiang in Yunnan and Shexian County in Anhui are included in the second batch of National Famous Historic and Cultural Cities and are jointly called "Four Most Well Preserved Ancient Cities". The Ancient City of Pingyao is one of the two ancient counties (the other being the Ancient City of Lijiang) included in the World Cultural Heritage list as the whole.
大足石刻位于中国西南部重庆市大足区境内，是唐末宋初时期的摩崖石刻，以佛教题材为主，其中以宝顶山摩崖造像和北山摩崖造像最为著名。大足石刻是中国著名的古代石刻艺术，1999年被列为世界文化遗产。
Dazu Rock Carvings, located in Dazu District of Chongqing in Southwest China, are cliff carvings dating from the late Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty, with Buddhism as its main theme. Among the carvings, cliff carvings of Baoding Mountain and Beishan Mountain are the most famous. The Dazu Rock Carvings were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1999.
公元1世纪，在四川省峨嵋山景色秀丽的山巅上，落成了中国第一座佛教寺院。随着四周其他寺庙的建立，该地成为佛教的主要圣地之一。许多世纪以来，文化财富大量积淀，最著名的要属乐山大佛，它是8世纪时人们在一座山岩上雕凿出来的，俯瞰着三江交汇之所。佛像身高71米，堪称世界之最。峨嵋山还以其物种繁多、种类丰富的植物而闻名天下，从亚热带植物到亚高山针叶林可谓应有尽有，有些树木树龄已逾千年。
The first Buddhist temple in China was built in Sichuan Province in the 1st century A.D. in the beautiful surroundings of the summit of Mount Emei. The addition of other temples turned the site into one of Buddhism's holiest sites. Over the centuries, the cultural treasures grew in number. The most remarkable is the Giant Buddha of Leshan, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century and looking down on the convergence of three rivers. At 71m high, it is the largest Buddha in the world. Mount Emei is also notable for its exceptionally diverse vegetation, ranging from subtropical to subalpine pine forests. Some of the trees there are more than 1,000 years old.
苏州古典园林是中国江苏苏州山水园林建筑的统称，又称“苏州园林”，以私家园林为主，起始于春秋时期吴国建都姑苏时(吴王阖闾时期，公元前514年)，形成于五代，成熟于宋代，兴旺鼎盛于明清，到清末苏州已有各色园林一百七十多处，现保存完整的有六十多处，对外开放的园林有十九处。1997年，苏州古典园林作为中国园林的代表被列入《世界遗产名录》，被胜誉为“咫尺之内再造乾坤”，是园林文化的翘楚和骄傲。苏州园林主要有沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园、留园、网师园、怡园等。
The Classical Gardens of Suzhou generally refer to the landscape garden buildings in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. They are also called "Suzhou Gardens", which are mainly private gardens. The Classical Gardens of Suzhou date from the Chunqiu Period when the State of Wu founded the capital in Suzhou (the King of the State of Wu Period, 514 BC), formed in the Five Dynasties, matured in the Song Dynasty and were prosperous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Suzhou hosted more than 170 various gardens, over 60 of which are completely preserved, and 19 of which are open to the public. In 1997, the Classical Gardens of Suzhou were included in the World Heritage List as representative of Chinese gardens and were praised as "Recreating Heaven and Earth within a Stone's Throw", the pride of Chinese garden culture. The Classical Gardens of Suzhou mainly lie in the Surging Wave Pavilion, Lion Grove Garden, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master of Nets Garden, Joyous Garden, etc.
颐和园，位于北京市西北郊海淀区，距北京城区约15千米。始建于清代乾隆年间(1750年---1764年)。利用昆明湖、万寿山为基址，以杭州西湖风景为蓝本，汲取江南园林的某些设计手法和意境而建成的一座大型天然山水园，也是保存得最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，占地约290公顷。1998年11月被列入《世界遗产名录》。
The Summer Palace, located in Haidian District, northwest Beijing, is about 15km from the city proper. It was built during the Qianlong Reign in the Qing Dynasty (1750-1764) with Kongming Lake and Wanshou Mountain as its basic layout and the West Lake landscape as its blueprint, together with some design methods and atmosphere from Jiangnan landscaped gardens. It is a masterpiece of natural gardening with mountains and water as well as the best preserved rural palace with an area of about 290 hectares. The Summer Palace was included in the World Heritage List in November 1998.
天坛，在北京市南部，东城区永定门内大街东侧。占地约273万平方米。天坛始建于明永乐十八年(1420年)，清乾隆、光绪时曾重修改建。为明、清两代帝王祭祀皇天、祈五谷丰登之场所。天坛是圜丘、祈谷两坛的总称，有坛墙两重，形成内外坛，坛墙南方北圆，象征天圆地方。1998年，被列为世界文化遗产。
The Temple of Heaven is located in south Beijing on the east of Yongdingmen Street in Dongcheng District with an area of about 2,730,000 square meters. It was built in the Reign of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420) and rebuilt in the Reign of Qianlong and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. Here the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties as interlocutors between humankind and the celestial realm offered sacrifices to heaven and prayed for bumper harvests. Temple of Heaven is a collective term for Huanqiu Temple and Qigu Temple. The area is surrounded by a double-walled enclosure which forms two temples inside and out. The south part of the wall is square and the north round, which represents earth and heaven. The Temple of Heaven was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1998.
武夷山脉，广义的“武夷山”，位于中国江西省、福建省两省交界处的一座山脉，长约550千米。 武夷山风景名胜区，即狭义的“武夷山”，位于福建省武夷山市中部，以丹霞地貌为特点，是国家重点风景名胜区。武夷山是世界文化与自然双重遗产
The Wuyi Mountains, and "Mount Wuyi" in general, is located on the boarder of Jiangxi Province and Fujian Province a length of about 550km. The Wuyishan National Scenic Area, "Mount Wuyi" in a narrow sense, is situated in the center of Wuyishan City, Fujian Province with distinctive Danxia land formations. Mount Wuyi was listed as a World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site.
明清皇家陵寝是中国明、清两朝皇帝悉心规划营建的文物建筑，依照风水理论，精心选址，将数量众多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人类改变自然的产物，体现了传统的建筑和装饰思想，阐释了封建中国持续五百余年的世界观与权力观。体现了中国封建社会的最高丧葬制度和千百年封建社会的宇宙观、生死观、道德观和习俗，也体现了当时中国最高水平的规划思想和建筑艺术，陵寝分布于北京、河北、辽宁、安徽、江苏、湖北等地，主要建筑保存完整，反映了明清皇家陵寝原貌。此陵寝群在2000年为联合国教科文组织登录为世界文化遗产，并在2003年、2004年扩充。
The Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were carefully planned by emperors, comprised of numerous buildings according to the principles of fengshui. They are the product of human harmony with nature and reflects traditional architectural and decoration concepts and indicates the world view of 500 years of feudal power in China. The Tombs represent the funeral system of feudal China as well as life and death, morality, and customs of feudal China which lasted thousands of years. The Tombs reflect a high level of planning and architectural art of the age. The Tombs are distributed in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, etc., and the properly preserved main buildings present the original landscape of the tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In 2000, the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were selected as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO and were extended in 2003 and 2004.
龙门石窟位于中国中部河南省洛阳市南郊12.5公里处，龙门峡谷东西两崖的峭壁间。这里地处交通要冲，山清水秀，气候宜人，是文人墨客的观游胜地。又因为龙门石窟所在的岩体石质优良，宜于雕刻，所以古人选择此处开凿石窟。龙门地区的石窟和佛龛包含北魏晚期至唐代(公元316至907年)期间最具规模和最为优秀的中国艺术藏品。这些艺术作品全部反映佛教宗教题材，代表了中国石刻艺术的最高峰。龙门石窟是中国石刻艺术宝库之一，是国家AAAAA级景区。2000年被联合国科教文组织列为世界文化遗产。
The Longmen Grottoes are located between two cliffs of Longmen Gorge, 12.5km from the southern suburbs of Luoyang, Henan Province in central China. Thanks to its convenient traffic, beautiful scenery and pleasant climate, it has become a famous tourism attraction for eminent men of letters. The Longmen Grottoes were largely because the stones there were good for carving. The grottoes and niches for Buddha contain the largest and the most outstanding Chinese art collections from the later period of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (AD 316-907). All these works of art reflect Buddhist religious subjects and represent the peak of Chinese stone carving art. The Longmen Grottoes are one of the stone carving treasures of China, and they are a national AAAAA-level scenic area. In 2000, it was selected as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO.
都江堰位于四川省都江堰市城西，是中国古代建设并使用至今的大型水利工程，被誉为“世界水利文化的鼻祖”，是四川著名的旅游胜地。通常认为，都江堰水利工程是由秦国蜀郡太守李冰及其子率众于前256年左右修建的。在2000年，都江堰以其为“当今世界年代久远、惟一留存、以无坝引水为特征的宏大水利工程”，与青城山共同作为一项世界文化遗产被列入世界遗产名录。
Located in the west of Dujiangyan City of Sichuan Province, Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project constructed in ancient China and operated till now. Known as “the ancestor of world water conservancy culture”, it is a famous tourist attraction in Sichuan Province. It is commonly believed that the construction of the Dujiangyan water conservancy project was led by Li Bing, Shu Satrap of the Qin Dynasty and his son and was completed around 256 BC. Being “the antique, only retained and grand water conservancy project characterized by diversion without dam”, Dujiangyan was included in the World Heritage List as a natural heritage site together with Mount Qingcheng in 2000.
云冈石窟位于中国北部山西省大同市西郊17公里处的武周山南麓，石窟依山开凿，东西绵延1公里。存有主要洞窟45个，大小窟龛252个，石雕造像51000余躯，为中国规模最大的古代石窟群之一，与敦煌莫高窟、洛阳龙门石窟和天水麦积山石窟并称为中国四大石窟艺术宝库。 2001年12月14日被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录。
The Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foothill of Mount Wuzhou, 17km from western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province in northern China. The Grottoes were carved into the mountain with an east-west distance of 1km. It comprises 45 main caves, 252 niches and over 51,000 stone statues. As one of the largest ancient grotto groups in China, The Yungang Grottoes, together with the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, the Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and the Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, are called the four grotto art treasures of China. On December 14, 2001, Yungang Grottoes were included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.
三江并流保护区自然景观位于云南省西北山区的三江国家公园内，包括八大片区，面积170万公顷，是亚洲三条著名河流的上游地段，金沙江(长江上游)、澜沧江(湄公河上游)和怒江(萨尔温江上游)三条大江在此区域内并行奔腾，由北向南，途径3000多米深的峡谷和海拔6000多米的冰山雪峰。这里是中国生物多样性最丰富的区域，同时也是世界上温带生物多样性最丰富的区域。2003年7月，联合国教科文组织将三江并流保护区作为“世界自然遗产”列入《世界遗产名录》。
The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas consist of eight geographical clusters of protected areas within the boundaries of the Three Parallel Rivers National Park in the mountainous north-west of Yunnan Province. The 1.7 million hectare site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween run roughly parallel, north to south, through steep gorges which, in places, are 3,000m tall and are bordered by glaciated peaks more than 6,000m high. The site is an epicenter of Chinese biodiversity. It is also one of the richest temperate regions of the world in terms of biodiversity. In July 2003, The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a natural heritage site.
高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬是指以中国吉林省集安市为中心分布的高句丽前期建筑遗迹。高句丽政权始于公元前三十七年，止于公元六百六十八年，曾是中国东北地区影响较大的少数民族政权之一，在东北亚历史发展过程中发生过重要作用。高句丽政权发轫于今辽宁省桓仁县，公元三年迁都至国内城 ( 今吉林集安 ) ，四百二十七年再迁都至平壤。桓仁与集安是高句丽政权早中期的政治、文化、经济中心所在，累计共四百六十五年，是高句丽文化遗产分布最集中的地区。
The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom refer to the sites of early Koguryo buildings centered in Ji’an City, Jilin Province. The power of Koguryo, one of the larger minority powers affecting northeast China from 37 BC to AD 668, played a vital role in the development of Northeast Asian history. It began in Huanren County, Liaoning Province and moved the capital to Guknaesong (Ji’an, Jilin) in AD 3, and then moved to Pyongyang in AD 427. The sites of Hengren and Ji’an were the political, cultural and economic centers of the early and middle stage of the Koguryo for 456 years, and they are the most concentrated areas of the cultural heritage of Koguryo.
澳门历史城区，位于中国澳门，是由22座位于澳门半岛的建筑物和相邻的8块前地所组成，是中国境内现存最古老，保存最完整和最集中的东西方风格共存建筑群，当中包括中国最古老的教堂遗址和修道院、最古老的基督教坟场、最古老的西式炮台建筑群、第一座西式剧院、第一座现代化灯塔和第一所西式大学等。作为欧洲国家在东亚建立的第一个领地，城区见证了澳门四百多年来文化与西方文化互相交流、多元共存的历史。澳门历史城区在2005年7月正式被列入《世界文化遗产名录》。
The Historic Center of Macao, located in Macao, China, is comprised of 22 buildings on the Macao Peninsula and 8 adjacent forelands. The ancient, completely preserved, and centralized building groups have both western and eastern architectural styles. The building groups include ancient church ruins, an abbey, Christian cemetery, western battery groups, the first western theatre, first modern beacon and first western college in China. As the first territory set up by a European country in Eastern Asia, the Historic Centre of Macao has witnessed a history of more than 400 years of coexistence and mutual exchange of culture between China and the West. The Historic Centre of Macao was included in the World Heritage List in July 2005.
四川大熊猫栖息地由中国四川省境内的7处自然保护区和9处风景名胜区组成，地跨成都市、雅安市、阿坝藏族羌族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州。四川大熊猫栖息地拥有丰富的植被种类，是全球最大最完整的大熊猫栖息地。四川大熊猫栖息地于2006年7月12日成为世界自然遗产。
The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, comprised of 7 nature reserves and 9 scenic areas, are distributed in Chengdu, Ya’an, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Along with rich flora, the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries are the largest and most complete Giant Panda Sanctuaries in the world, and became a World Natural Heritage site on July 12, 2006.
殷墟是中国商王朝后期都城遗址，在河南省安阳市西北郊的洹河南北两岸，以小屯村为中心，面积约30平方公里，是商代晚期(公元前1300至1046年)的古代都城，代表了中国早期文化、工艺和科学的黄金时代，是中国青铜器时代最繁荣的时期。2006年被联合国科教文组织列为世界文化遗产。
Yin Xu (Yin Ruins) is the archaeological site from the late Shang Dynasty with an area of 30km2. It is situated on both banks of the Huanhe River to the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. The site, centered on Xiaotun Village, is the capital of the late Shang Dynasty (from 1300 BC to 1046 AD). It represents the golden period of early Chinese culture, craft and science, the most prosperous period in Bronze Age. Yin Xu was included in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO in 2006.
江门开平碉楼位于广东省江门市下辖的开平市境内，是中国乡土建筑的一个特殊类型，是集防卫、居住和中西建筑艺术于一体的多层塔楼式建筑。其特色是中西合璧的民居，有古希腊、古罗马及伊斯兰等风格多种。根据现存实证，开平碉楼约产生于明代后期(16世纪)，到19世纪末20世纪初发展成为表现中国华侨历史、社会形态与文化传统的一种独具特色的群体建筑形象。这一类建筑群规模宏大、品类繁多，造型别致，分布在开平市的乡村。“开平碉楼与古村落”被列入《世界遗产名录》，中国由此诞生了首个华侨文化的世界遗产项目。
Kaiping Diaolou (Kaiping Blockhouse), located in Kaiping City under the jurisdiction of Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, is a particular type of rural architecture in China. It is a multilayer tower building integrated with defense, residences, and Chinese and western architecture. It features the combination of Chinese and western dwellings, with plenty styles such as ancient Greek, ancient Roman and Islamic styles. Based on present evidence, Kaiping Diaolou generated from the late Ming Dynasty (16th century), and was developed into a unique group of buildings presenting the history of oversea Chinese, social cohesion and cultural traditions. The cluster buildings are on a grand scale, with wide varieties and unique shapes, are distributed in the countryside of Kaiping City. After Kaiping Diaolou was included in the World Heritage List, the first World Heritage of Oversea Chinese Culture in China.
"喀斯特"即岩溶，是水对可溶性岩石进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地表和地下形态的总称，是一种地貌特征。"中国南方喀斯特地貌"拥有最显著的喀斯特地貌类型(如尖塔状、锥状喀斯特)以及如天生桥、天坑之类的雄伟奇特的喀斯特景观，是世界上最壮观的热带至亚热带喀斯特地貌样本之一。2007年被收入联合国教科文组织的《世界遗产名录》，2014年得到了增补添加。
Karst is a morphological characteristic and the generic term of surface and underground morphology formed under the corrosion of soluble rock by water. South China Karst contains the remarkable types of Karst landforms (such as tower, and pinnacle karst), and grand landscapes such as natural bridges and sky holes, an example of some of the most gorgeous Karst geomorphology in tropical and subtropical regions. South China Karst was included in the World Heritage List by UESCO in 2007 with new content added in 2014.
福建土楼，又名福建客家土楼。主要分布在福建省漳州南靖、华安，龙岩市永定等地。土楼以土、木、石、竹为主要建筑材料，利用将未经烧焙的按一定比例的沙质黏土和黏质沙土拌合而成，用夹墙板夯筑而成的两层以上的房屋。福建土楼产生于宋元，成熟于明末、清代和民国时期。2008年7以永定客家土楼为主体的福建土楼被正式列入《世界遗产名录》 。
Fujian Tulou, also known as Fujian Hakka Tulou, are found in Nanjing County of Zhangzhou City, Hua'an County and Yongding County of Longyan City in Fujian Province. The Tulou are a kind of building with over two floors constructed with clamped wall boards. With such major building materials as soil, wood, stones and bamboo, The Tulou are built with sandy clay mixed with sand according without burning or baking. The process originated from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and matured in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Period of Republic of China. In July 2008, Fujian Tulou (Hakka Tulou as the main body) was officially included in the World Heritage List.
三清山又名少华山、丫山，位于中国江西省上饶市玉山县与德兴市交界处。因玉京、玉虚、玉华三峰宛如道教玉清、上清、太清三位尊神列坐山巅而得名。其中玉京峰为最高，海拔1819.9米，是江西第五高峰和怀玉山脉的最高峰，也是信江的源头。三清山是道教名山，世界自然遗产、世界地质公园、国家自然遗产、国家地质公园。
Mount Sanqing, also known as Mount Shaohua or Mount Yashan, is located on the boarder of Yushan County of Shangrao City and Dexing City in Jiangxi Province of China. The three peaks Yujing, Yuxu and Yuhua look like Taoist gods Yuqing, Shangqing and Taiqing seated at the top of mountain, giving it the name Mount Sanqing. The Yujing Peak at an altitude of 1819.9m is the highest among the three and is the fifth highest peak in Jiangxi Province. It is also the highest peak of the Huaiyu Mountains and is also the source of the Xinjiang River. Mount Sanqing is a famous mountain in Taoism and is also a World Natural Heritage, World Geopark, National Natural Heritage site and National Geopark.
五台山(Mount Wutai)位于山西省山西省东北部忻州市五台县境内，西南距省会太原市230公里，因为五个与众不同的台顶而著称。它与浙江普陀山、安徽九华山、四川峨眉山共称为“中国佛教四大名山”，且位列中国佛教四大名山之首。五台山与尼泊尔蓝毗尼花园、印度鹿野苑、菩提伽耶、拘尸那迦并称为世界五大佛教圣地。2009年被联合国教科文组织以文化景观列入世界遗产名录。
Located in Wutai County, Xinzhou City in Northeast Shanxi Province, Mount Wutai is 230km away from Taiyuan City, the capital of Shanxi Province in the southwest and is famous for its five different platforms. It is one of the Four Famous Buddhist Mountains in China and ranks first among them with the rest including Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Mount Jiuhua in Anhui Province and Mount Emei in Sichuan Province. It is one of the five Buddhist Holy Lands in the World alongside Lumbini Nepal, Sarnath, Bodhgaya and Kushinagar in India. In 2009, it was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a cultural landscape.
丹霞是全球红层类特殊地貌景观，具有赤壁丹崖、群峰耸峙、峡谷深切、风景优美等主要特征。“中国丹霞”集地质多样性、地貌多样性、生物多样性及景观珍奇性于一体。中国丹霞包括贵州赤水、福建泰宁、湖南崀山、广东丹霞山、江西龙虎山(包括龟峰)、浙江的江郎山六处典型的丹霞地貌。2010年“中国丹霞”组合列入世界遗产名录。
Danxia is a special geomorphologic landscape of red beds and is mainly characterized by red cliffs, standing peaks, deep canyons and beautiful scenery. Chinese Danxia integrates geology diversity, geomorphology diversity, biological diversity and landscape rarity and involves six typical Danxia landforms which are Chishui City in Guizhou Province, Taining County in Fujian Province, Mount Langshan in Hunan Province, Mount Danxia in Guangdong Province, Mount Longhu in Jiangxi Province (Guifeng included) and Mount Jianglang in Zhejiang Province. In 2010, China Danxia was included in World Heritage List.
"天地之中"历史建筑群，分布于河南省郑州市登封市区周围，包括太室阙和中岳庙、少室阙、启母阙、嵩岳寺塔、少林寺建筑群(常住院、初祖庵、塔林)、会善寺、嵩阳书院、观星台等8处11项历史建筑，历经汉、魏、唐、宋、元、明、清，绵延不绝。它于2010年8月列被入世界遗产名录。
The Historic Monuments in “The Center of Heaven and Earth” are distributed around Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, including eight (eleven in total) historic monuments which are the Taishi Towers, Zhongyue Temple, Shaoshi Towers, Qimu Towers, Songyue Temple, buildings of Shaolin Temple (Changzhu Yard, Chuzu Convent and the Pagoda Forest included), Huishan Temple, Songyang Academy and Start Observation Platform. These monuments went through the dynasties of Han, Wei, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. In August 2010, it was included in the World Heritage List.
“杭州西湖文化景观”位于浙江省杭州市，总面积为3322.88公顷，由西湖自然山水、“三面云山一面城”的城湖空间特征、“两堤三岛”景观格局、“西湖十景”题名景观、西湖文化史迹和西湖特色植物6大要素组成。它于2011年被列入世界遗产名录。
The West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou is located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, with a total area of 3,322.88 hectares. It consists of six elements which are the natural landscape of West Lake, the city-lake space characterized by “three sides of cloudy mountains and one side of city”, the landscape pattern of “two dykes and three islands”, the inscriptions landscape of “ten landscapes of West Lake” and the characteristic plants of West Lake. In 2011, it was included in the World Heritage List.
布达拉宫自公元7世纪起就成为达赖喇嘛的冬宫，象征着藏传佛教及其在历代行政统治中的中心作用。布达拉宫，坐落在拉萨河谷中心海拔3700米的红色山峰之上，由白宫和红宫及其附属建筑组成。大昭寺也建造于公元7世纪，是一组极具特色的佛教建筑群。建造于公元18世纪罗布林卡，曾经作为达赖喇嘛的夏宫，也是西藏艺术的杰作。这三处遗址的建筑精美绝伦，设计新颖独特，加上丰富多样的装饰以及与自然美景的和谐统一，更增添了其在历史和宗教上的重要价值。
The Potala Palace has been the winter palace of the Dalai Lama since the 7th century, symbolizing Tibetan Buddhism and its central role in the administration of Tibet in previous dynasties. The Potala Palace is located on the Red Mountain in the center of Lhasa Valley, comprising the White Palace and the Red Palace as well as their ancillary buildings with an altitude of 3,700m. Also founded in the 7th century, the Jokhang Temple Monastery is an exceptional Buddhist religious complex. Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace, was constructed in the 18th century. It is another masterpiece of Tibetan art. The beauty and originality of the architecture of these three sites, their rich ornamentation and harmonious integration into a striking landscape add to their historic and religious interest.
武陵源风景名胜区，位于中国中部湖南省西北部，由张家界市的张家界森林公园、慈利县的索溪峪自然保护区和桑植县的天子山自然保护区组合而成，总面积约500平方公里。这里遍地奇花异草，苍松翠柏、蔽日遮天;奇峰异石，突兀耸立;溪绕云谷，绝壁生烟。1993年被联合国教科文组织作为世界自然遗产列入世界遗产名录。
Located in northwest Hunan Province in central China, the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area is comprised of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Zhangjiajie, Suoxiyu Natural Reserve in Cili County, and Tianzishan Natural Reserve in Sangzhi County. It covers an area of approximately 500km2. It contains exotic flowers and rare herbs, green pines and verdant cypresses overshadowing the entire area. There are also plenty of picturesque peaks and rocks rising high in the sky. It is surrounded by brooks, valleys and cliffs. In 1993, the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO as a natural heritage site.
承德避暑山庄是清王朝的夏季行宫，位于河北省境内，修建于公元1703年到1792年，由众多的宫殿以及其他处理政务、举行仪式的建筑构成的一个庞大的建筑群，建筑风格各异的庙宇和皇家园林同周围的湖泊、牧场和森林巧妙地融为一体。避暑山庄不仅具有极高的美学研究价值，而且还保留着中国封建社会发展末期的罕见历史遗迹。
Chengde Summer Resort (the Qing dynasty's summer palace) is located in Hebei Province. Built between 1703 and 1792, it is a vast complex of palaces with administrative and ceremonial buildings. Here, temples and imperial gardens of various architectural styles are harmoniously integrated, forming a landscape of lakes, pastureland and forests. Chengde Summer Resort is also a rare historic relic of the final development of feudal society in China, in addition to its significant aesthetic value.
曲阜孔庙、孔林、孔府，位于中国北部山东省的曲阜市中央，又被合称为“三孔”。始建于公元前478年，千百年来屡毁屡建，逐步发展成现有的建筑群。它是在孔子故居的基础上包括孔子及其后裔的宗庙、墓地和宅邸在内，逐步发展起来的一组具有东方建筑色彩和格调、气势雄伟壮丽的庞大古代建筑群。总占地面积约3500余亩，拥有近千间建筑。1994年12月根据世界文化遗产遴选标准入选《世界遗产名录》。
The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu are located in central Qufu, Shandong Province, in northern China. Collectively called "Three Confucius" and initially built in 478 BC, they have been destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries and gradually developed to the buildings seen today. "Three Confucius" is an enormous ancient building complex gradually developed on the former residence of Confucius, including temples, graves and residences of Confucius and his descendants. It is designed with oriental architectural colors and styles. Covering about 3,500mu, it is built with 1,000 buildings and was included in the World Heritage List in December 1994.
武当山古建筑中的宫阙庙宇集中体现了中国元、明、清三代世俗和宗教建筑的建筑学和艺术成就。古建筑群座落在沟壑纵横、风景如画的湖北省武当山麓，在明代期间逐渐形成规模，其中的道教建武当山古建筑群筑可以追溯到公元7世纪，这些建筑代表了近千年的中国艺术和建筑的最高水平。1994年12月被列入《世界遗产名录》。
Palaces and temples in the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains perfectly embody the architectural and artistic achievements made in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in ancient China. Situated among picturesque valleys of the Wudang Mountains in Hubei Province, the Complex took shape in the Ming Dynasty (the 14th-17th centuries) and the Taoist buildings there can be dated back to the 7th century. These buildings were designed and built as per the highest standards of Chinese art and architecture over a period of around 1,000 years. The Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains was included in the World Heritage List in December of 1994.
庐山位于江西省九江市，山体呈椭圆形，典型的地垒式块段山，长约25公里，宽约10公里，绵延的90余座山峰，犹如九叠屏风，屏蔽着江西的北大门，主峰汉阳峰，海拔1474米。著名的三叠泉瀑布，落差达155米。 庐山以雄、奇、险、秀闻名于世，具有极高的科学价值和旅游观赏价值。
Located in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, Mount Lushan is a 25km long and 10km wide oval horst block mountain with 90 peaks, forming a nine-folding screen in northern Jiangxi. Hanyang Peak is the main peak with an altitude of 1,474m and the famous Sandie Waterfall has a fall of 155m. Mount Lushan is famous internationally for its majesty, height and beauty and is of great scientific research and tourism value.
