2016年商务英语考试中级翻译习题及答案(一)

　　2016年商务英语考试中级翻译习题及答案(一)

　　Trade as an engine of growth贸易是经济增长的引擎

　　During the nineteenth century, most of the word’s modern industrial production was concen trated in great Britain. Large increases in industrial production and population in resource-poor Britain led to a rapidly rising demand for the food and raw material exports of the regions of recent settlement (the United States, Canada, Australia,New Zealand, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa).Fox example ,during the century from 1815 to 1913,Britain’s population tripled , its real GNP increased 10 times ,and the volume of its imports increased 20 times, This growth spread to the rest of the economy of these newly settled lands through the familiar accelerator multiplier process. Tues , The export sector was the leading sector that propelled these economies into rapid growth and development .That is ,international trade functioned as an engine of growth for these nations during the nineteenth century.

　　在19世纪，这个词的现代工业生产中的浓度trated在英国。在资源贫乏的英国工业生产和人口的大量增加导致的需求迅速上升，近期结算的地区(美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，阿根廷，乌拉圭和南非的食品和原料出口)。福克斯例如，在本世纪的1815年至1913年，英国人口的三倍，其真正的国民生产总值增加了10倍，其进口量增加20倍，这种增长扩散到这些新定居的土地经济的其余部分通过熟悉油门乘数效应。周二，出口部门的主导部门，推动这些国家的经济进入快速增长和发展，也就是说，这些国家在19世纪，国际贸易作为经济增长的引擎。

　　The regions of recent settlement were able to satisfy Britain’s burgeoning demand for food and raw materials (and in the process grow very rapidly ) because of several favorable circumstances .First ,these countries were richly endowed with natural resources such as fertile arable land, forests, and mineral deposits . second, workers with various skills moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands, and so did huge amounts of capital. Though data are far from precise, it seems that from 30 to 50 percent of total capital formation ( i. e ., investments) in such nations as Canada, Argentina, and Australia was financed through capital inflows .the huge inflows of capital and workers made possible the construction of railroads , canals , and other facilities that allowed the opening up of new supply sources of food and raw materials . Finally, the great improvement in sea transportation enabled these new lands to satisfy the rising demand for wheat, corn ,cotton ,wool , leather, and a variety of other foods and raw materials more cheaply than traditional sources of supply in Europe and elsewhere.

　　Thus ,all “ingredients” were present for rapid growth in these new lands: the demand for their products was rising rapidly; they had great and unexploited natural resources; and they received huge amounts of capital and millions of workers from Europe . To be sure ,there are some economists who believe that rapid growth of the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century was due primarily to very favorable internal conditions (such as abundant natural resources) , with trade playing only an important supportiverole. Be that as it may ,it is generally agreed that today’s developing nations can rely much less on trade for their growth and development . This is due to less favorable demand and supply conditions.

　　该地区最近的结算是能，以满足英国的新兴需求的食品及其原料(和在这个过程中成长非常迅速)，因为几个有利的情况下。首先，这些国家被丰富的赋予与天然资源，如肥沃的耕地土地，森林，矿藏。第二，具有多种技能的工人移动波澜从人口过剩的欧洲到这些大部分是空的土地，所以没有大量的资金。尽管数据很不精确，似乎从30%到50%的资本形成总额(即投资)，加拿大，阿根廷和澳大利亚等国家的资金通过资本流入的大量流入的资本和工人建设的铁路，运河和其他设施，允许开放的食品和原材料的新供应来源。最后，极大地提高了海上运输，使这些新的土地，以满足不断增长的需求，对小麦，玉米，棉花，羊毛，皮革，以及各种其他食品及原料成本比传统的在欧洲和其他地区的供应来源。

　　因此，所有的“成分”的快速增长，这些新的土地为他们的产品的需求迅速上升，他们有伟大的，未开发的自然资源，以及来自欧洲，他们收到了大量的资金和数以百万计的工人。可以肯定的是，也有一些经济学家相信近期结算的地区在十九世纪的快速增长，主要是由于非常有利的内部条件(如拥有丰富的天然资源)，只打了一个重要的supportiverole与贸易。 ，因为它可能普遍认为，今天的发展中国家可以为他们的成长和发展贸易的依赖要少得多。这是由于有利的需求和供给条件。

　　On the demand side, it is pointed out that the demand for food and raw materials is growing much less rapidly today than was the case for the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . There are several reasons for this:在需求方面，它指出，食品和原材料的需求要少得多迅速增长的今天比的情况下，在19世纪该地区最近的结算。有几个方面的原因：

　　(1)The income elasticity of demand in developed nations for many of the food and agricultural raw material exports of developing nations is less ( and sometimes much less ) than 1,so that as income rises in developed nations ,their demand for the agricultural exports of developing nations increases proportionately less than the increase in income .For example, the income elasticity of demand for coffee is about 0.8 , for cocoa 0.5, for sugar 0.4, and for tea 0.1.(2)The development of synthetic substitutes has reduced the demand for natural raw materials; for example , synthetic rubber has reduced the demand for natural rubber, nylon the demand for cotton ,and plastics the demand for hides and skins .(3)Technological advances have reduced the raw-material content of many products, such as tin-plated cans and microcircuits (4) The output of services (with lower raw material requirements than commodities ) has grown faster than the output of commodities in developed nations. (5) Developed nations have imposed trade restrictions on many temperate exports (such as wheat ,vegetables ,sugar ,oils ,and other products) of developing nations.

　　(1)在发达国家，许多发展中国家的食品和农业原材料的出口需求的收入弹性是小于(有时要少得多)大于1，所以，随着收入的增加在发达国家，他们的需求的农产品出口发展中国家的增长比例小于收入的增加。例如，咖啡需求的收入弹性约为0.8，0.5可可，糖0.4，茶0.1(2)的合成替代品的发展，减少了天然原料的需求，例如，合成橡胶的需求减少天然橡胶，尼龙对棉花的需求，和塑料皮革和毛皮的需求。(3)技术进步降低了原材料的含量，许多产品， (4)如镀锡罐和微电路的输出服务(降低原材料的要求比商品)的增长速度比发达国家的商品输出。 (5)发达国家实行贸易限制在许多温带出口的(如小麦，蔬菜，糖，油及其他产品)的开发中国家。

　　On the supply side , most of today’s developing nations are much less well endowed with natural resources (except for petroleum-exporting nations) than were the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . In addition , most of today’s developing nations are overpopulated, so that most of any increase in their output of food and raw materials is absorbed domestically rather than exported. Furthermore , the international flow of capital to developing nations today is relatively much less than it was in the nineteenth century , and today’s developing nations seem also to face an outflow of skilled labor rather than an inflow . Finally ,it is also true that until recently , developing nations have somewhat neglected their agriculture in favor of more rapid industrialization, thereby hampering their export (and development ) prospects.

　　在供给方面，今天的大多数发展中国家都少得多拥有丰富的天然资源(石油出口国除外)相比，近期结算的地区在十九世纪。此外，今天的大多数发展中国家的人口过密，使大部分的任何增加他们的食品和原材料的输出被吸收国内，而不是出口。此外，国际资本流向发展中国家今天是相对少得多比它在19世纪，今天的发展中国家似乎也面临熟练劳动力的流出而不是流入。最后，也是如此，直到最近，发展中国家在一定程度上忽略了他们的农业有利于更快速的工业化，从而阻碍了其出口和发展前景。