2016年商务英语BEC高级阅读辅导练习五

　　2016年商务英语BEC高级阅读辅导练习五

　　INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES and TERMS to DESCRIBE THEM国际公司和描述术语

　　Many of the terms in international business are confusing because writers, both in the popular media and in governmental ad academic reports, use them to define different things.

　　在国际业务中许多条款因为书写方式而混乱，，无论是在大众媒体和广告的学术报告还是政府，用它们来定义不同的事物。

　　There are numerous ways that companies may work together in international operations, such as through joint ventures, licensing, management contracts, minority ownership in each other`s company, or long-term contractual arrangements. An all-encompassing term to describe these operations is collaborative arrangements.

　　有许多方法，企业可以一起进行国际业务，如通过合资，许可证，管理合同，对于少数的公司，可安排长期合同。一个包罗万象的术语来描述这些行动就是安排合作。

　　Another term, strategic alliance, can sometimes mean the same things, but more narrowly – to indicate an agreement that is of critical importance to the competitive viability of one or more partners.

　　另一个专门名词“战略同盟”有时可指同一事件，但含义更为狭隘，它指一项对一个或更多经营伙伴的竞争上的生命力极为重要的协议。

　　We shall use strategic alliance only in its narrower meaning.

　　更狭隘的意义是我们将使用较窄的战略同盟。

　　The multinational enterprise ( MNE ) is a company that takes a global approach to foreign markets and production. It is willing to consider market and production locations anywhere in the world. The true MNE usually uses most of the modes discussed so far.

　　多国企业(跨国公司)公司是指全球性，可以对一个外国市场和生产。它原意考虑在世界市场和生产场所的任何地方。真正的跨国公司通常采用到目前为止讨论的模式。

　　However, it can be difficult to determine whether a company takes this global approach, so narrower definitions of the term multinational enterprise have emerged. For example, some say a company, to qualify as an MNE, must have production facilities in some minimum number of countries or be of a certain size ( usually in terms of sales ). Under this definition, an MNE usually would have to be a giant company.

　　然而,很难决定公司采取这个全球性的定义,所以较窄的跨国企业的术语层出不穷。例如,一些人认为一个公司,拥有跨国公司资格,必须在一些国家具有一定规模生产设施或最低数量(通常以销售额计算)。在这个定义,一个跨国公司通常是指一个巨大规模的公司。

　　However, a small company also can take a global approach within its resource capabilities and might use most of the operating forms we have discussed; therefore, most writers today use the term to include any company that has operations in more than one country.

　　可是，一家小型公司也能在它的资源能力范围内采取一种全球性的方法，而且可能采用我们已经论述的大多数经营方式。因此，现今大多数作者所使用的这个专门名词，都包括任何一家在超过一个国家中拥有经营活动的公司。

　　The term multinational corporation ( MNC ) is also commonly used in the international business arena and often is a synonym for MNE. We prefer the MNE designation because there are many internationally involved companies, such as accounting partnerships, that are not organized as corporations. Another term sometimes used interchangeably with MNE, especially by the United Nations, is transnational company ( TNC ).

　　多国公司(跨国公司)一词也常用在国际商业舞台上，往往是跨国公司的代名词。我们更喜欢跨国公司的指定，因为有很多国际的公司，如合作伙伴关系，是不是公司组织的。另一个词有时可以与跨国公司互换使用，尤其是由联合国，是跨国公司(跨国公司)。

　　However, this term also has two other meanings. The first ( and earliest ) is a company owned and managed by nationals in different countries. For example, Royal Dutch Shell is a company whose owners and corporate management are split between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. However, this type of company is uncommon, so we don`t often use the term in this way. Today, the most common use of the term has come from writers on international business strategy.

　　然而，这个术语也有两个其他的意义。第一个(最早)是一个拥有并在不同国家的国民托管公司。例如，荷兰皇家壳牌公司，其业主和企业管理不和导致分成英国公司和荷兰公司。然而，这种类型的公司并不常见，所以我们不经常使用这种术语。今天，这个词最常出现在国际化经营战略中。

　　They use the term to maen an organization in which capabilities and contributions may differ by country but are developed and integrated into its worldwide operations.

　　他们使用这个专门名词来说明，一家经营机构的能力和贡献可能在不同国家之间有区别，但已发展和融入其全球性的经营活动。

　　This type of organization learns from all its operating environments and uses that knowledge throughout its global operations.

　　这种组织学习的类型在其全球业务利用所有操作的环境和知识。Companies with international operations can be global or multidomestic. A global company, sometimes called a globally integrated company, integrates its operations that are located in different countries.

　　进行国际业务的公司可以是跨全球或跨本国的。一个全球性公司，有时也被称为全球性的综合公司，它在不同的国家设有业务。For example, it might design a product or service with a global market segment in mind. Or it might depend on its operations in different countries to produce the components used in its products and services. In this type of company, the development of capabilities and the decisions to diffuse them globally are essentially made in the company`s home country.

　　例如，它可以设计一个具有全球考虑市场的产品或服务。或者，它可能取决于不同国家生产其产品和服务所使用的组件在其业务。在这个公司，基本上在该公司的总部运用决策的能力和发展型向全球扩散。

　　A multidomestic company, sometimes called a locally responsive company and sometimes a multinational company, allows each of its foreign-country operations to act fairly independently, such as by designing and producing a product or service in France for the French market and in Japan for the Japanese market.

　　一个跨本国公司,有时被称为一种本地公司,有时一家跨国公司,允许它的各个外国公司操作的行为又相当独立,如如通过设计和生产的产品或服务在法国为了法国市场，在日本为了日本市场。

　　Thus a global company and a multidomestic company differ in the degree of integration among company operations in defferent countries. However, a company`s operations may be global, while its marketing is multidomestic.

　　因此，一个全球性公司和跨本国公司不同点在于公司之间的一体化程度不同模式下运作。然而，公司的业务可能是全球性的，而它的营销是国内性的。

　　The TNC is like the global company in that it leverages the capabilities of both the home country and the foreign countries where it operates, but its main location of power within the organization may be geographically dispersed.

　　跨国公司和全球公司相似之处在于它们在其经营所在的本国和外国举债经营潜力的开发，但它们的经营机构内力量的主要所在地在地理位置上可能是分散的。