II. Vocabulary (10 points, 1 point for each)
Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet.
The number of violent teens has grown in recent years, even as the population of teenagers has contracted. But the teen population has bottomed out and is now on the upswing. If current rates of offending remain unchanged, the number of teens who commit murder and other serious violent crimes shall increase, if only because of the demographic turnaround in the population at risk. However, given the worsening conditions in which children are being raised, given the breakdown of all our institutions as well as of our cultural norms, given our wholesale disinvestment in youth, our nation faces the grim prospect of a future wave of juvenile violence that may make the coming years look like “the good old days”.
The hopeful news is that there is still time to stem the tide - to prevent the next wave of youth crime. But we must act now - by reinvesting in schools, recreation, job training, support for families, and mentoring. We must act now while this baby-boomerang generation is still young and impressionable, and will be impressed with what a teacher, a preacher, or some other authority figures has to say. If we wait until these children reach their teenage years and the next crime wave is upon us, it may be too late to do much about it.
The challenge for the future, therefore, is how best to deal with youth violence. Unfortunately, we are obsessed with quick and easy solutions that will not work, such as the wholesale transfer of juveniles to the jurisdiction of the adult court, parental responsibility laws, midnight curfews, the V-chip, boot camps, three strikes, even caning and capital punishment, at the expense of long-term and difficult solutions that will work, such as providing young children with strong, positive role models, quality schools, and recreation programs.
26. reduced in size (Para. 1)
27. increase (Para. 1)
28. the failure of a system (Para. 1)
29. unpleasant and depressing (Para. 1)
30. prevent something from spreading or developing (Para. 2)
31. easily influenced (Para. 2)
32. act or operate effectively (Para. 3)
33. regulation requiring a person to be home at a certain prescribed time (Para. 3)
34. involving the loss of life (Para. 3)
35. activity people do for pleasure (Para. 3)
III. Summarization (20 points, 2 points for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.
Paragraph One
Desertification, drought, and despair - that's what global warming has in store for much of Africa. Or so we hear. Emerging evidence is painting a very different scenario, one in which rising temperatures could benefit millions of Africans in the driest parts of the continent. The Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall.
36. Sahara desert turns g thanks to more rain.
Paragraph Two
Happiness research suggests that neither very good events nor very bad events seem to change people's happiness much in the long term. Most people, it seems, revert back to some kind of baseline happiness level within a couple of years of even the most devastating events, like the death of a spouse or loss of limbs.
37. For the majority, there seems to be a b for happiness level.
Paragraph Three
Daylight saving time began in the United States during World War I, primarily to save fuel by reducing the need to use artificial lighting. Although some states and communities observed daylight saving time between the wars, it was not observed nationally again until World War II.
38. Daylight saving time in the U. S. reduced e consumption.
Paragraph Four
In the movie, the principal character, Leonard, can remember everything that happened before his head injury on the night his wife was attacked, but anyone he meets or anything he has done since that fateful night simply vanishes. He has lost the ability to convert short-term memory into long-term memory.
39. Leonard’s head injury has r in his loss of long-term memory.
Paragraph Five
Well-intentioned parents have unwittingly left their kids defenseless against failure. The current generation of millennials (born between 1980 and 2001) grew up playing sports where scores and performance were downplayed because “everyone’s a winner”. And their report cards had more positive spin than an AIG press release.
40. Today's children have been poorly p for failure.
Paragraph Six
The harp seal mom nurses her pup on 48% fat seal milk continuously for 12 days without eating. Her pup will gain an average of 2.3 kg per day during this 12-day nursing period, while mom herself will lose about 3.2 kg per day.
41. The harp seal mom's significant w loss during nursing.
Paragraph Seven
Today roughly 17% of American kids and teens are obese, and parents cite obesity as a top concern for their children's health. Yet with so many other overweight kids in the class, it appears that parents can't recognize - or admit it to themselves - when their child is too heavy.
42. Parents may f to realize it when their children are overweight.
Paragraph Eight
In the 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency shut down thousands of leaky landfills, building larger ones with stricter environmental controls. Which means that if you do live near one, it's likely to be a whopper: There were 8,000 landfills in the United States in 1988, and there are fewer than 2,000 today.
43. The n of landfills has decreased.
Paragraph Nine
The benefits of quitting smoking - reduced risk of cancer and many other health problems - are known. But for millions of smokers, the calming effect of a cigarette can be reason enough to start up again. Studies have found, however, that in reality, lighting up has the opposite effect, causing long-term stress levels to rise, not fall.
44. Smoking may well cause rather than r stress.
Paragraph Ten
Some experts estimate that youngsters are bombarded with 10,000 food commercials each year during children's programming, and most of them aren’t promoting salads or fruit. All this marketing changes children’s taste preferences and causes them to crave - and beg for - unhealthy foods.
45. Food commercials are largely r for children's unhealthy eating habits.
IV. Translation (20 points, 4 points for each)
Directions: In the following passage, there are five groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and translate these sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet.
Let’s take the orthodox definition of the word bargain. It is something offered at a low and advantageous price. It is an opportunity to buy something at a lower price than it is really worth. 46. A more recent definition is: a bargain is a dirty trick to extort money from the pockets of silly and innocent people.
I have never attended a large company's board meeting in my life, but I feel certain that discussion often takes the following lines. The cost of producing a new - for example - toothpaste would make 80p the decent price for it, so we will market it at ￡1.20. 47. It is not a bad toothpaste (not specially good either, but not bad), and as people like to try new things it will sell well to start with; but the attraction of novelty soon fades, so sales will fall. When that starts to happen we will reduce the price to ￡1.15. And we will rush to buy it even though it still costs forty-three percent more than its fair price.
Sometimes it is not 5p OFF but 1p OFF. What breathtaking impertinence to advertise 1p OFF your soap or washing powder or dog food or whatever. Even the poorest old-age pensioner ought to regard this as an insult, but he doesn’t. A bargain must not be missed. 48. To be offered a “gift” of one penny is like being invited to dinner and offered one single pea (tastily cooked), and nothing else. Even if it represented a real reduction it would be an insult. Still, people say, one has to have washing powder (or whatever) and one might as well buy it a penny cheaper.
The real danger starts when utterly unnecessary things become “bargains”. There is a huge number who just cannot resist bargains and sales. Provided they think they are getting a bargain they will buy clothes they will never wear, furniture they have no space for. Old ladies will buy roller-skates and nonsmokers will buy pipe-cleaners.
49. Quite a few people actually believe that they make money on such bargains. Some people buy in bulk because it is cheaper. At certain moments New Zealand lamb chops may be 3p cheaper if you buy half a ton of them, so people rush to buy a freezer just to find out later that it is too small to hold half a tone of New Zealand lamb.
To offer bargains is a commercial trick to make the poor poorer. When greedy fools fall for this trick, it serves them right. 50. All the same, if bargains were prohibited by law our standard of living would immediately rise by 7.39 percent.
