2017年9月30日托福考试机经（口语、听力、阅读、写作）

2017年9月30日托福考试机经（口语、听力、阅读、写作）

　　托福考试口语机经

　　taste

　　[teist] n. 体验; 滋味;

　　vt.& vi. 尝，品尝;

　　insist

　　[inˈsist] vt.& vi. 坚持; 强调; 坚决要求; 坚决认为;

　　popularity

　　[ˌpɔpjəˈlærɪti:] n. 普及; 流行; 名气，名望，通俗性，大众性; 人望

　　effectively

　　[ɪˈfektɪvli:] adv. 有效地; 实际上，事实上;

　　object

　　[ˈɔbdʒikt] n. 物体; 目标; 宾语; 客体，对象;

　　complex

　　[ˈkɔmpleks] adj. 复杂的; 合成的;

　　n. 复杂; 合成体;

　　certain

　　[ˈsə:tn] adj. 某一; 必然的; 已确定的;

　　encourage

　　[inˈkʌridʒ] vt. 鼓励，鼓舞; 支持; 促进; 鼓动;

　　T1：Which of following aspects do you think contributes most to a country's success?

　　1.many business opportunities 2.well-rounded medical care system 3.a developed educational system

　　T2：Some people prefer sending messages while others prefer making phone calls directly, which one do you prefer?

　　T1：Which one would you like to choose for your final project: presentation，writing paper, making video. Please give your reasons with specific details.

　　T2：If you are to choose between 2 apartments to live in next semester, one apartment is near the campus but slightly expensive, the other is a little far from the campus but cheaper, which one do you prefer and why?

　　T1：The university international office is going to hold a social event. Which one of the following choices do you think is the best?

　　1. international food fair 2. international music festival 3. international film festival

　　T2：Some people want to change their appearance, even by surgery. Do you agree or disagree? Give your reasons.

　　T1：The university decides to remodel the dormitory and add a new space to it. Which space do you recommend to add in your dormitory ?

　　1.Cafe 2.Study room 3.Game room

　　T2：Some people prefer to give their opinions immediately. Others prefer to wait and listen to others’ opinions before giving their own. Which one do you think is better?

　　T1：Which of the following areas of current events do you most like to read?

　　1. Politics 2. Sports 3. Arts and films

　　T2：Do you agree or disagree that young children should leave home to stay with relatives and friends for a short period of time?

　　T1：Do you prefer high-paid jobs or those that suit your personality? Please explain your preference with specific reasons.

　　T2：You live in a crowded city with only one green space-the city park. The government recently proposes to build a housing complex on this only green space. Do you think this is a good idea?

　　T1：Your university plans to provide another type of food to attract more students. What kind of food would you like the university cafeteria to add? Explain the reasons with examples and details.

　　T2：If you have time, would you choose to learn to play a new musical instrument or learn to play a new sport?

　　T1：If your school allows you to choose any activity during break time, what activity would you choose? Give details and examples to support your response.

　　T2：Some students prefer to go to university immediately after high school. Others prefer to take a break or work for a while before going to university. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　T1：How can you ensure that you can finish the assignment on time when the studying work is heavy? Please include details in your answer.

　　T2：Some students prefer test questions that ask for opinions while others prefer those objective ones that have a correct answer. What do you think? You would use past experience to support your response.

　　T1：Is it good for college students do part time jobs? What is your opinion and why? What are some advantages or disadvantages of doing part time jobs? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

　　T2：Do you prefer to take adventures or you don't like adventures at all.

　　T1：Talk about an organization that you would like to join. Explain why you would like to join this organization. Please include reasons and details to support your response.

　　T2：Some people believe that first-year college students should live in a dorm building that homes only freshmen. Others may prefer the idea that first-year students must live together with students in 2nd, 3rd, or even 4th grade. Which opinion do you agree with? Explain why.

　　T1：Which of the following three subjects would you choose to learn: Math, painting or science? And what you want to learn from this subject? Please include specific reasons and details in your response.

　　T2：Some people prefer to do sports. Other people prefer to watch others play sports. Which do you prefer and why? Please use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　托福听力机经

　　L1

　　Psychology

　　Narrator:

　　Listen to part of a lecture in an educational psychology class.

　　Professor:

　　Some of you may have heard about learning styles, the idea that there are different ways to teach or learn a material, new information, and these are not equally effective for every learner. Different learners prefer different ways of learning. For examples, a visual learner might want to see the vocabulary words written down or be shown a picture or a chart. An auditory learner would want to hear the new word being used. A kinesthetic, or physical learner, would prefer to physically interact with the material in some way like maybe moving around a set of cards with new vocabulary words written on them. And from this idea of learning style, something called the meshing hypothesis has developed.

　　...

　　L2

　　Chemistry

　　Narrator:

　　Listen to part of a lecture in a Chemistry Class

　　Lecturer:

　　Of course, everyone here knows you can use a microwave oven to reheat liquids or food. Basically, microwaves produced by the oven - uh - excite molecules in the food. Especially water molecules. And - when these molecules vibrate more and more energetically and bump into the molecules all around them, the heat that’s produced will eventually warm the food. But, before you all begin your next set of experiments using microwave ovens, you also need to understand, that using microwave to heat liquids can be quite different from heating liquids in a metal pot on the stove. In a metal pot on the stove, when the liquid reaches its boiling point, it begins to boil. Bubbles of water vapour rise up to the water’s surface and pop as a result of a process called nucleation. What happens with nucleation is, you start with tiny bubbles in a liquid, and then, when you increase the temperature of the liquid to the boiling point, the liquid around the bubbles starts evaporating, turning into vapour, and moving into the bubble. As the amount of vapour in the bubbles increases, the bubbles begin to grow, slowly at first, then faster and faster, and then they rise to the surface, and pop. Okay, but where do those tiny bubbles come from in the first place, so that nucleation can begin? Well, most metal pots are not totally smooth inside. They have a lot of tiny scratches and dents. And when you pour water into a pot, the water doesn’t completely fill those scratches and dents, so air gets trapped in there and forms those tiny bubbles. Then, when you apply heat, and the water gets hot enough to boil, those bubbles will lucreate as I just described. And, once the water begins to boil, if you keep adding heat, you’ll increase the rate of evaporation, the boiling, but...

　　L3

　　Film studies

　　听力题目：

　　1. What does the professor mainly discuss?

　　A. How film-editing techniques have changed over time

　　B. The effect of editing on viewers' perceptions of a film

　　C. Differences between fiction films and documentary films

　　D. How Kuleshov's experiences as an actor influenced his filmmaking

　　2. What point does the professor make when he describes a shot of a speaker that cuts to a shot of a crowd?

　　A. Filmmakers have difficulty manipulating time and space within individual scenes.

　　B. Kuleshov's early films used editing more extensively than his later films did.

　　C. Audiences tend to infer relationships between consecutive shots.

　　D. The filming of a crowd and the speaker on different days confused the viewers.

　　3. The professor describes Kuleshov's most famous film experiment. In the experiment, what aspect of the film did the audience praise?

　　A. The actor's ability to portray a variety of different characters

　　B. The actor's ability to express a wide range of feelings

　　C. Kuleshov's use of a popular actor

　　D. Kuleshov's ability to use scenery to create dramatic effects

　　4. What was Kuleshov's attitude toward the actors in his films?

　　A. He considered their acting abilities irrelevant to a finished film.

　　B. He depended on them to bring emotional impact to his films.

　　C. He believed that their training was often inadequate.

　　D. He valued their opinions about the filmmaking process.

　　5. What is the professor's opinion of the Kuleshov effect?

　　A. He thinks it is only of historical interest.

　　B. Film historians have overstated its impact on audiences.

　　C. It has a more dramatic impact in short films than in long films.

　　D. As a filmmaker, he finds it useful.

　　6. What does the professor imply about documentary films?

　　A. Most of them are produced without editing.

　　B. They tend to require more close-up shots than fiction films do.

　　C. They do not present events in an entirely neutral way.

　　D. They make more intentional use of the Kuleshov effect than fiction films do.

　　托福阅读机经

　　How Soil is Formed

　　参考阅读：

　　Soil formation is a dynamic process that takes place in different environments. It is strongly influenced by the parent material, climate (largely vegetation and temperature and water exchanges), topography (the elevations, depressions, directions and angles of slopes, and other surface features of the landscape), and time.

　　The parent material is the unconsolidated mass on which soil formation takes place. This material may or may not be derived from the on-site geological substrate or bedrock on which it rests. Parent materials can be transported by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity and deposited on top of bedrock. Because of the diversity of materials involved, soils derived from transported parent materials are commonly more fertile than soils from parent materials derived in place. Whatever the parent material, whether derived in place from bedrock or from transported material, it ultimately comes from geological materials, such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and the composition of the rocks largely determines the chemical composition of the soil.

　　Climate is most influential in determining the nature and intensity of weathering and the type of vegetation that further affects soil formation. The soil material experiences daily and seasonal variations in heating and cooling. Open surfaces exposed to thermal radiation undergo the greatest daily fluctuations in heating and cooling, soils covered with vegetation the least. Hill slopes facing the sun absorb more heat than those facing away from the sun. Radiant energy has a pronounced effect on the moisture regime, especially the evaporative process and dryness. Temperature can stimulate or inhibit biogeochemical reactions in soil material.

　　...

　　The Climate of Japan

　　参考阅读：

　　At the most general level, two major climatic forces determine Japan’s weather. Prevailing westerly winds move across Eurasia, sweep over the Japanese islands, and continue eastward across the Pacific Ocean. In addition, great cyclonic airflows (masses of rapidly circulating air) that arise over the western equatorial Pacific move in a wheel-like fashion northeastward across Japan and nearby regions. During winter months heavy masses of cold air from Siberia dominate the weather around Japan. Persistent cold winds skim across the Sea of Japan from the northwest, picking up moisture that they deposit as several feet of snow on the western side of the mountain ranges on Honshu Island. As the cold air drops its moisture, it flows over high ridges and down eastern slopes to bring cold, relatively dry weather to valleys and coastal plains and cities.

　　In spring the Siberian air mass warms and loses density, enabling atmospheric currents over the Pacific to steer warmer air into northeast Asia. This warm, moisture-laden air covers most of southern Japan during June and July. The resulting late spring rains then give way to a drier summer that is sufficiently hot and muggy, despite the island chain’s northerly latitude, to allow widespread rice cultivation.

　　Effects of the Commercial Revolution

　　参考阅读：

　　In the third and the second millennia B.C. long-distance trade supposedly had the character of an expedition. By the start of the last millennium B.C., however, a new approach to engaging in such trade emerged. Based on the principle of colorization, it was pioneered by the Phoenicians and Greeks, who established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea. The new approach to long-distance trade, known as the commercial revolution, led to changes in a number of political and economic patterns

　　For the first time, the planting of colonies in distant lands became possible. The Phoenician settlements in the central and western Mediterranean, such as Carthage, and the slightly later establishment of Greek colonies are early examples, while the settlement of south Arabians in Eritrea around the middle of the last millennium marks the subsequent spread of this sort of commercial consequence to the Horn of Africa. In the third or second millennia B. C., a state such as Egypt might colonize areas outside its heartland, such as Nubia. But this colonization comprised military outposts and ethnic settlements that were planted to hold the contiguous territories of a land empire, not distant localities far separated from the home country.

　　...

　　考古类

　　Environmental Impact of the Anasazi

　　The Chaco Phenomenon

　　科学类

　　The Birth of Photography

　　农业类

　　Agricultural Society in Eighteenth- Century British America

　　社会类

　　Hunting and the Setting of Inner Eurasia

　　Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe