Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are
deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;
or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal
Line clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.
(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that
gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of
trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers
—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and
smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the
most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides
silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities
such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the
basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful
(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with
impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic
action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock
called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,
dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire
(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can
stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for
the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware
flowerpot.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?
(A) in desert sand dunes
(B) in forests
(C) on hillsides
(D) near rivers
答案:A