TPO2托福听力Lecture3原文文本

　　TPO2托福听力Lecture3原文文本

　　Aristotle

　　Professor: OK, another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s ethical theory is all about is this: he’s trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is. Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction.

　　Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call “extrinsic value. ” Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has “intrinsic value.”

　　Exercise, there may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically, not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.

　　Health, why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Um, health is important for me because I can’t…do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree, I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.

　　Then there’s some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play because, well, I just enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.

　　Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself. But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally.

　　Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t. So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value ...and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake?

　　If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness, everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself. For what other purpose is there in being happy? What does it yield? The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.

　　The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It’s the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it? Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree. But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is.

　　True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete. Complete in that it’s all we require. Well, true human happiness…if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing, and, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn’t have to rely on other people for it.

　　Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people. I can’t get it on my own, without help from other people. In the end, Aristotle says that true happiness is the exercise of reason—a life of intellectual contemplation of thinking. So let’s see how he comes to that.

　　TPO2托福听力Lecture3题目文本

　　1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

　　a) To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values

　　b) To explain Aristotle's views about the importance of teaching

　　c) To explain why people change what they value

　　d) To discuss Aristotle's views about human happiness

　　2.The professor gives examples of things that have value for her. Indicate for each example what type of value it has for her.

　　Click in the correct box. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Click in the correct box for each phrase.This item is worth 2 points

　　Only extrinsic valueOnly intrinsic valueBoth extrinsic and intrinsic value

　　Teaching

　　Exercise

　　health

　　Playing a musical instrument

　　3.Why is happiness central to Aristotle's theory?

　　a) Because it is so difficult for people to attain

　　b) Because it is valued for its own sake by all people

　　c) Because it is a means to a productive life

　　d) Because most people agree about what happiness is

　　4.According to the professor, why does Aristotle think that fame cannot provide true happiness?

　　a) Fame cannot be obtained without help from other people.

　　b) Fame cannot be obtained by all people.

　　c) Fame does not last forever.

　　d) People cannot share their fame with other people.

　　5.What does the professor mean when she says this?

　　a) Teaching is not a highly valued profession in society.

　　b) She may change professions in order to earn more money.

　　c) The reason she is a teacher has little to do with her salary.

　　d) More people would become teachers if the salary were higher.

　　TPO2托福听力Lecture3答案解析

　　第1题：主旨目的题

　　正确答案：D

　　对应原文：0'5"-0'20"Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s ethical theory is all about is this: he’s trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.

　　解析：文章开始，教授说我们将讨论亚里士多德的道德理论。他的理论都是关于展示出如何快乐，什么是真正的幸福。

　　第2题：结构-分类题

　　正确答案：BACB

　　对应原文：1'31"-3'6"So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically . . . not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health. Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Um, health is important for me because I can’t…do other things I want to do — play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me. Then there’s some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play because, well, I just enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself. Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching.

　　解析：教授说了:

　　1. 她锻炼是因为锻炼可以带来good health, 她value exercise extrinsically

　　2. Health对她来说不仅是productive life的手段，也是是她pleasant的条件

　　3. 她play music纯粹只是for fun

　　4. 尽管教书可以带来收入，但是她从事其他工作可以带来更好的收入，她只是纯粹的喜欢教书。

　　第3题：细节题

　　正确答案：B

　　对应原文：3'28"-3'53"Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value . . . and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness.

　　解析：为何对于亚里士多德的理论，幸福是重要的。因为幸福的价值，对于所有人来说，都是他们想要的。而且，它是完全指向自身的价值。

　　第4题：细节题

　　正确答案：A

　　对应原文：5'0"-5'12"Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people.

　　解析：因为文中解释说真正的幸福是尅让我通过自己而获取。不应该依赖他人。而大部分人看重并追求名誉，但名誉太需要别人的存在和表现了。所以它不能提供幸福。原因是他依赖他人。

　　第5题：重听-推断题

　　正确答案：C

　　对应原文：2'51"-3'1"Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things.

　　解析：这里教授在用她教书的例子解释指向内在的价值。教书的目的是为了这个过程本身的幸福和快乐。他说，它确实带来了收入。但我做其他事情会赚的更多。这就是它的价值回馈到自身，而非教授给予教书以外的薪资