2020中学教师资格证《高中英语》语义学分析

　　【高频考点】

　　Sense Relations between Sentences句间意义关系

　　1. X is synonymous with Y (X与Y同义)

　　Two sentences may have the same meaning.

　　X与Y在意义上是等同关系，若X为真，则Y为真;若X为假，Y也为假。

　　X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never got married all his life.

　　2. X is inconsistent with Y (X与Y不一致)

　　X与Y在意义上相互矛盾，若X为真，则Y为假;若Y为真，则X为假。

　　X: This is my first visit to Beijing. Y: I have been to Beijing twice.

　　3. Entail and Presuppose蕴含和预设

　　(1) Entail蕴含

　　X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X.)

　　A sentence (meaning) A entails B (A ||- B) if whenever A is true, then B must also be true. It is a semantic relation.

　　如果当A为真，B一定为真的时候，则A蕴含B。蕴含是一种语义关系。

　　Sue and Fred went to the party ||- Sue went to the party

　　(2) Presuppose预设

　　X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X.)

　　Presuppositions are implications that are often felt to be in the background—to be assumed by the speaker to be already known to the addressee.

　　预设通常被认为是一种背景信息，也就是说话者假设听者已经知道的信息。

　　A speaker of any of the sentences below would be presupposing that there is a king of France.

　　a. The king of France is bald. b. The king of France is not bald.

　　c. Is the king of France bald?

　　d. The king of France might be bald/Possibly the king of France is bald.

　　e. If the king of France is bald, he should wear a hat in the winter.

　　4. X is a contradiction X自我矛盾

　　When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false, e.g. My unmarried sisiter is married to a bachelor.

　　【每日一练】

　　1. The sense relation of the following pair of sentences (see X and Y) is _____.

　　X. Mary has been to Japan Y. Mary has been to Asia

　　A. X entails Y B. X presupposes Y

　　C. X is inconsistent with Y D. X is synonymous with Y

　　2. The question “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” _____ “He ran the red light”.

　　A. presupposes B. entails C. contradicts D. includes