31.【参考答案】
(1)传统的英语教学多使用 3P 模式,即教师先呈现新知识,学生操练巩固所学知识,最后学生运用所学知识进行交际表达。而任务型教学法是教师首先提出任务,学生执行完成任务,最后学生展示任务。二者的不同之处主要表现在以下几个方面:
①教学目的不同。传统教学方法注重语言知识的讲授,强调培养学生的读、写技能;而任务型教学法重视学生的情感因素,强调通过任务来实现对语言的认识和感知。它不仅要求培养听、说、读、写等多种语言技能,更强调发展英语的综合运用能力。
②课堂情境不同。传统教学方法通常是没有情境的语言学习,学生难以将所学的知识应用到生活中去。而任务型教学法强调情境的真实性,设置的情境贴近学生的生活,鼓励学生在真实的情境中表达自己的真实情感,从而使各项语言技能在交际中得到综合提高。
③课堂活动不同。传统教学中的各项活动均是练习某个语言项目的,教师先行讲解词汇、语法规则,然后由学生进行机械型的操练,教师的活动在整个过程中较为突出;而任务型教学的重点在于信息沟通,而不是语言形式,教学中常常是由学生先执行任务,任务结束后才由教师进行归纳性的总结,课堂上学生们的活动较为突出。
④评价方式不同。传统型教学方法注重考查学生的记忆力,把语言知识考核的成绩作为衡量学生英语水平的主要依据。为了让学生掌握正规的语言知识和形成良好的语言习惯,对学生的错误是有错必纠,导致学生不能积极地参与课堂的语言交流活动,从而影响了学习的效果。相反,任务型教学法更注重语意的传达,对学生出现的语言错误采取宽容的态度,并寻找合适的机会给予纠正,鼓励学生大胆地运用语言表情达意,让学生在运用语言的过程中体验成功,获得自信。
(2)任务的设计一般应遵循下列原则:
①任务应有明确的目的;②任务应具有真实意义,即接近现实生活中的各种活动;③任务应涉及信息的接收、处理和传递等过程;④学生应在完成任务的过程中使用英语;⑤学生应通过做事情完成任务;⑥完成任务后一般应有一个具体的成果。 三、教学情境分析题
32.【参考答案】
(1)教师对学生的错误地方画线,是一种让学生修改其错误的提示性标记。材料中教师在错误处画线,有助于学生在自我更正的过程中积极地思考出错的原因,从错误中吸取教训。同时,学生能够对所学知识进行查漏补缺,可以认识到自己还没有完全掌握哪些知识点或哪些语言规则掌握得不准确。学生可以从错误中学到知识,欠缺的知识也会得到及时的弥补。
(2)该教师在批改此学生的作文中,能够认真阅读并指出错误之处,并希望学生自行改正,是教师批改的一大优点,但该教师没有区分错误的类型,对于出现的错误不加区分一律画线,是其批改中出现的不当之处。有的学生可以悟出来,如 be afraid make mistakes, play a important 等。此类错
误不必多加解释,经过提示,学生可以自行解决。但对于 as a matter of fact 为什么画线,学生很难发现其出错原因是前面用了 in fact,造成重复现象。还有 to be patient when you still do poorly in
Chinese 学生很可能搞不懂错在哪里。这时,教师应给出详细解释,确保学生理解错误原因。因此,对学生书面表达中出现的错误的处理方式应有别于口语中出现的错误处理方式。从某种程度上说,书面表达错误的处理应更加严谨,要求学生充分运用所掌握的语言知识来监察和修改语言输出,少出或不出语言形式方面的错误。
(3)教师如果在教学过程中发现学生普遍存在某一类的言语错误,此类现象可以看作对课堂教学是否正确高效的一种反馈。教师可以通过对普遍性错误的分析,找出教学中的薄弱环节,从而针对学生的实际情况,及时优化教学内容,改进教学方法,促进教学质量的进一步提高。 四、教学设计题
33.【参考设计】
Teaching Contents:
This is a dialogue between Yu Ping and her friend Steve Smith about Qian Xuesen and his work as a rocket scientist. Teaching Objectives:
(1) Knowledge objectives
①Students can understand the meaning of some new words and expressions: astronomer, the space industry, a rocket scientist, astronaut, satellite. ②Students can understand the meaning of the listening material. (2) Ability objectives
①Students can know how to get information in advance before listening. ②Students can improve their skills of listening. (3) Emotional objectives Students can develop their patriotic emotion through the listening and be motivated to study hard. Teaching Key and Difficult Points:
(1) Teaching key point
Students can improve their abilities of listening for the gist and specific information. (2) Teaching difficult point Students can freely talk about the story of Qian Xuesen. Teaching Procedures: Step 1 Pre-listening (6 minutes)
(1) Use the PPT to present some pictures of the new words and expressions: astronomer, the space industry, a rocket scientist, astronaut, satellite. (2) Show some pictures about Qian Xuesen and ask students to predict the content of the dialogue. (Justification: The teaching of new words and expressions helps students be well prepared for the listening task,and the prediction attracts students’ attention to the listening.) Step 2 While-listening (8 minutes)
(1) Listen to Parts 1 and 2 of the tape for the first time and write down the main idea. (2) Listen to Part 1 again and answer these questions:
①What did Qian Xuesen study first?
②What experience did he get in America that was useful for China?
③What was Qian Xuesen’s main achievement when he returned to China?
(3) Listen to Part 2 and fill in the chart below. China’s achievement in space programme Steve Smith’s ambition
(Justification: This step can train students’ abilities of listening for the main idea and specific information.)
(4) Listen to the tape again to check the answers. Then give some evaluations and teach students some listening strategies for their common mistakes. (Justification: Tasks of listening for the gist and specific information can help students focus on thelistening material and improve their listening abilities. The instructions of listening strategies can help students know their weak point and do better next time.) Step 3 Post-listening (6 minutes)
(1) Show the tape scripts on the PPT and invite a pair of students to read the sample conversation to the class. Ask others to pay attention to their pronunciation. (2) Ask students to retell the story of Qian Xuesen using the words and expressions such as astronomer, the space industry, a rocket scientist, astronaut, satellite. (Justification: This step aims to practice students’ pronunciation and improve their speaking ability of talking about a rocket scientist.)
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