According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population
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That spreads diseases and causes other public and personal problems.
It is no accident that "Toilet" opens with a beautifully lit scene of women trudging out of their village right before sunrise, each one carrying a little brass jug of water to wash with. They are traveling in a group for safety.
Rural women sometimes endure taunts and even sexual assault when they relieve themselves outdoors, so they travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection.
“This is a real problem，” said Jagmati Sangwan，a women’s rights advocate. “So many women, especially landless women, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside.”
To avoid being leered at during the day, some women hold on for hours for darkness to fall. Waiting that long can create health problems, particularly for pregnant women, who are highly susceptible to urinary tract infections, experts say.
A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight.
Not helping matters, hard-liners with the governing Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P., have photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them.Earlier this year, a man who stood up for such women was beaten to death.
Government officials say they have spent $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets so far, building community latrines and providing subsidies for people to put them in their homes. The Modi government runs a website bestowing on top-performing villages a special “ODF”（Open Defecation Free) status.
Their efforts have earned praise abroad. Bill Gates, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft, wrote on his blog: “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly. Even better, Modi backed up his words with actions.”
But Mr. Modi’s detractors say there may be more emphasis on image than deed, and that in many areas party apparatchiks are so eager to fall in line with the prime minister"s directives that they are putting up latrines that are not connected to sewers or septic systems.
Several businessmen in New Delhi said government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation. According to Indian news reports, countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals.
Sanitation specialists say that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go.
“There’s a blind scramble to make a toilet，whether it is usable or not,” said Bezwada Wilson, an official with the Sanitation Workers" Movement, an advocacy organization. “It has become a business，and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.”
单选题第1题Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A.Serious Problems Caused by Toilets in India
B.The corporatization of the toilet
C.Importance of Toilets for Women
D.Urgency to Build Toilets in India
参考答案：A
答案解析：由全文内容可知，本文主要讲了印度厕所设施落后引发的一系列问题，以及针对这些问题，政府采取的补救措施，最后，讲了补救措施带来的新的问题。B、C、D三项均过于片面。A项最贴合文章大意，故选A项。
单选题第2题According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE about the current situation of toilet problem in India?
A.Around 564 million Indians, nearly one third of the population, still defecate in the open in fields, forests, next to ponds, along highway medians and on the beach.
B.Many women, even those with land, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside.
C.Government officials say they have spent $4 million to help install 50 million toilets.
D.Rural women travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection when they relieve themselves outdoors.
参考答案：D
答案解析：由第1段可知，全国近一半的人口缺少厕所设施，而不是三分之一，故A项错误；由第5段可知，没有土地的女性在户外方便时尤其会面临很多暴力事件，故B项错误；由第9段可知，政府花费了 40亿帮助市民安装厕所设施，而不是400万，故C项错误；第4段中提到，农村妇女在户外解手时，常常在黎明前成群出行，以此寻求自我保护，与D项吻合，答案为D。
单选题第3题Which of the following is the measure taken by the Modi government?
A.It photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them.
B.It ran a website bestowing on top-performing villages a special “ODF” status.
C.Their efforts have earned praise abroad.
D.It will spend $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets.
参考答案：B
答案解析：由第8段可知，拍照羞辱妇女的是印度人民党，故A项错误；由第9段可知，莫迪政府运营了一个网站，该网站将为表现最 佳的村庄安装“0DF”（免费露天排便）设施，因此B项正确；C项不是措施，故排除C项；由第9段可知，政府已经花费了 40亿美元修建厕所设施，而不是将要修建，D项错误。答案为B。
单选题第4题What does Bill Gates mean by saying，in Paragraph 10, “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly.Even better，Modi backed up his words with actions”？
A.Bill Gates thinks there is no national leader can broach such a sensitive topic so frankly just like Modi, but he cannot keep his words.
B.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government does as promised in terms of solving problems.
C.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government is too frankly and publicly to back up his words with actions.
D.Bill Gates thinks that the Modi government is so frankly and publicly that he did not back up his words with actions.
参考答案：B
答案解析：由第10段比尔盖茨的表述“我想不出还有哪个国家的领导人会如此坦率、如此公开地谈论这样一个敏感的话题。莫迪用行动支持了他的言论”可知，B项正确。
单选题第5题According to the passage, why are Mr. Modi's detractors not optimistic about the efforts made by the Modi government?
A.They think there may be more emphasis on image than deed.
B.They think government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation.
C.They think that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go.
D.They think that the efforts made by the Modi government has become a business, and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.
参考答案：A
答案解析：根据问题，由“Mr. Modi’s detractors”定位至文章第11段，“反对者认为莫迪政府建造厕所设施重在加强自身的形象，并非真的为百姓做事”，故A项正确；由第12段可知，B项的观点是新德里几位商人的看法，并非莫迪反对者的看法，故B项错误；由第13段可知，C项是卫生专家的看法，不是反对者的看法，故C项错误；由第14段可知，D项是卫生工人运动组织的官员的看法，也不是莫迪反对者的看法。答案为A。
单选题第6题According to the passage, who made efforts to improve the condition of toilet in India?
A.Bill Gates
B.Several businessmen in New Delhi
C.The Modi government
D.Bharatiya Janata Party or
参考答案：C
答案解析：由第9段可知，C项正确。A项中比尔盖茨只是对莫迪政府的做法表示赞扬，并没有提供实际的帮助，因此A项错误。由第12段可知，新德里的几位商人只是对政府机构的一些做法提出批评，并没有提供帮助，因此B项错误。由第8段可知，同印度人民党一起的强硬派人士对那些在户外如厕的妇女拍照并羞辱她们，因此D项错误。第9段中提到，政府花费40亿美元，安装5000万个厕所；还提供补贴，让人们把厕所安在家里；此外，莫迪政府运营了一个网站奖励村庄安装ODF。答案为C。
单选题第7题According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?
A.The government builds toilets in people’s home free.
B.A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight.
C.Sanitation specialists say that with more than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants.
D.Building toilets has become a business, which is a result of the corporatization of the toilet.
参考答案：B
答案解析：由第9段可知，政府只是提供补贴，并非免费，故A项错误；由第13段可知，应该是“少于5%”，并非多于，故C项错误；由第14段可知，D项中逻辑关系错误，建造厕所设施导致了厕所的商业化，并非商业化的结果；由第7段可知，最近的一项研宄发现，没有厕所设施可用的孕妇往往会产下体重不足的婴儿，B项正确。
单选题第8题Which of the following words can explain the meaning of the underlined word “susceptible” in Paragraph 6?
A.special
B.suspicious
C.sensitive
D.satisfied
参考答案：C
答案解析：根据问题，可定位至文章第6段。根据原文大意“尤其是对孕妇而言，她们很容易受到尿路感染”，可知选择C项“敏感的”。A项意为“特殊的”；B项意为“怀疑的”；D项意为“满意的”。
单选题第9题Which of the following is NOT the problem in the process of building toilets according to the passage?
A.Building toilets results in the corporatization of the toilet.
B.Countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals.
C.A man who stood up for the women who have been shamed was beaten to death.
D.Party apparatchiks are so eager to agree with the prime minister's directives that they do not really care the matter itself.
参考答案：C
答案解析：由第14段可知，修建厕所已经成为一种商业，并导致了厕所的企业化，因此A项正确；由第12段可知，无数卢比已经消失在“肮脏的”厕所交易中，因此B项正确；由第11段可知，党派人士都非常渴望与总理的指示一致，以至于他们修建了与下水道和化粪池系统不相通的厕所，因此D项正确；C项发生在大规模建造厕所设施之前，不是在修建过程中出现的问题，故选C项。
单选题第10题This passage can most possibly be read in a .
A.newspaper
B.science magazine
C.novel
D.story book
参考答案：A
答案解析：从体裁来看，文章属于报道性文体，故A项正确。
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