Section II Use of English
(15 minutes)
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) __ praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, ( 32 ) __________research the relation ( 33 ) __________actions and their conse-quences argue thaT rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) __________rewards often destroy creativity ( 35 ) __________ encouraging depend-ence (36) __________approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) __________educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) __________in grade-school children, suggesting (39) __________properly presented in-ducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) __________to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.
"If kids know they're working for a (41) __________and can focus (42) __________ a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy tokill creativity by giving rewards for (43) __________ performance or creating too (44) __________anticipation for re-wards. "A teacher (45) __________ continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46)high grades for
ordinary achievement ends up (47)__________discouraged students, Eisenherger holds. (48) __________an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) __________In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) __________students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Del-aware psychologist claims.
