Passage 1
Bethany Burke was packing for a family vacation when she glanced in the mirror and froze.She saw a small ugly red bump in the middle of her forehead.She had no idea,however,that how much worse it would get.
Bethany,a 15-year-old high school student,tried to forget about the bump as she boarded a flight from her hometown of Austin,Texas,to Portland,Oregon.But during the flight the bump grew.And grew.And grew.
After the plane landed,more bumps appeared,including one close to her eye.Her parents took her to the nearest emergency room.As it turned out,Bethany had been attacked by a superbug (超级病菌).
Superbugs were once a problem only in hospitals and nursing homes.In the past decade,though,they have been affecting healthy children and adults as well.In a few hours,they can cause life-threatening infections.
“Teens,especially student athletes,can be easily hurt because superbugs stay in warm,damp places where people come into close contact with each other,such as school locker rooms and gyms,” says Dr.Aaron Glatt,an infectious disease specialist.“If you get cut playing sports,and you come into contact with a superbug on a mat,you give it a way to get in,” he explains.
As for Bethany,she said the doctor didn’t seem too concerned.“He just handed me this pill,an antibiotic (抗生素),” Bethany said.“He gave us the impression that it was going to clear up very fast.”
It didn’t take long for Bethany to realize the antibiotics the doctor had given her didn’t work.One of the bumps grew so large that she could no longer open her eye,and her pain increased.Her parents rushed her to another hospital.The new medicines seemed to start working.Her fever dropped,and the bumps stopped growing.
Luckily for Bethany,there were still three powerful antibiotics that together were able to fight off her infection.But what happens when superbugs become resistant even to those drugs?For doctors,that’s the biggest worry.
1.Bethany discovered a bump on her forehead .
A.after the plane for Portland landed
B.when she came back from a vacation
C.after she boarded a flight from Austin
D.when she was preparing for a vacation
2.Student athletes are likely to be attacked by superbugs partly because .
A.they get cut easily
B.they are often tired
C.they are healthy and strong
D.they often wear dirty clothes
3.How did Bethany feel after taking the pills given by the doctor in the nearest emergency room?
A.Even worse.
B.Much better.
C.A little better.
D.As terrible as before.
4.Doctors are most worried that .
A.antibiotics are being overused
B.teens are being attacked by superbugs
C.superbugs may become resistant to all drugs
D.more people will get infected with superbugs
Passage 2
In the past,many studies placed too much emphasis on how animals were trained to learn.But recently more and more studies have focused on how animals equip themselves to learn.
One study started with a school field trip to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered,stripped(剥壳) to the central core.So the investigation was directed at finding out what was eating the pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones.The culprit(犯罪者) proved to be the black rat,and the technique was to bite each cone from base to top,following the growth pattern of the cone.
Urban black rats were found to lack the skill.However,babies of urban mothers cross-fostered by stripper mothers acquired the skill,whereas babies of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not.Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother.In the case of rats,the youngsters took cones away from the mother when she was still eating them,allowing them to acquire the stripping skill.
Another study,Bird Behaviour,provides a different view of the adaptiveness of social learning.It concerns the seed caching(hiding) behaviour of Clark’s Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay.The former is a specialist,caching about 30,000 seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter;the Mexican Jay will also cache food but is much less dependent on this than the Nutcracker.The two species also differ in their social structure—the nutcracker prefers living alone while,the jay,in social groups.
The experiment is to discover not only if a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed.The design is funny with a cacher bird hiding food in a room,while watched by a caged observer bird.Two days later,cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against estimated random performance(预估随机表现).Both cachers performed above chance.More surprisingly,jay observers were as successful as jay cachers,whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance.It seems that,whereas the nutcracker is highly skilled at remembering where it hid its own seeds,the social living Mexican Jay is more adept at remembering and so making use of,the caches of others.
1.Urban black rats were able to learn to strip when .
A.fed by stripper mothers
B.fostered by urban mothers
C.living with stripper babies
D.eating cones by themselves
2.In Bird Behavior Study,we can conclude that .
A.nutcraker observers perform well in remembering
B.the Clark’s Nutcraker has better learning skills
C.the Mexican Jay benefits from social living
D.jay cachers are only good at hiding food
3.According to the passage,both studies show that .
A.skills are equipped in childhood
B.skills improve by practice
C.animals study through playing
D.animals learn by examples
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