2022年考研英语(一)章节习题5

　　1、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. According to Paragraph 4,Facebook hopes to

　　A measure the objectivity of news feed on its own.

　　B improve its ability to tell truth from falsehood.

　　C shed off the responsibility of a news provider.

　　D outsource news credibility to its massive users.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：第四段指出，Facebook希望多元化、代表性的抽样用户对新闻机构的排名将会给其新闻推送带来客观性。即：Facebook将新闻可信度外包给群体智慧。可见D.正确，outsource news credibilitv to its massive users是对outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom.的概括。[解题技巧]A.反向干扰，第四段①句以Rather than否定指出Facebook不是想成为新闻的亲自把关者。B.将第四段末句their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood曲解为Facebook辨别真伪的能力。但联系上文可知，此处的their指用户(users)，且文中并未涉及这一能力的提升。C.将第四段末句的外包新闻可信度(outsource news credibility)过度引申为推卸责任(shed off responsibility)，结合上文可知，Facebook并非推卸责任，而是在新闻筛选上采用了新的方式，给用户更大的权限。

　　2、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. Facebook used to select news items by

　　A adopting Al technology.

　　B relying on its 2 billion users.

　　C building a Facebook"community".

　　D ranking news outlets by credibility.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：首段指出，人工智能(AI)毕竟是“人工”的，Facebook的做法“宣布终止依赖软件算法(software algorithms)的筛选新闻方式，转而邀请其用户群对新闻机构的可信度进行排名”印证了这一点。文中software algorithm即指Al技术(与“人类智能”相对),A.正确。[解题技巧]B.将第一段②句中“为20亿用户筛选新闻(select news items for its 2 billion users)”篡改为“依赖20亿用户筛选新闻(relying on its 2 billion users)”。C.将第一段③句所述“新做法：邀请社群对新闻机构可信度进行排名(Facebook“community”will be asked)”篡改为“旧做法：建立Facebook社群筛选新闻(building a Facebook“community”)”。D.源自第一段③句rank news outlets by their trustworthiness，但由句中will可知，这事关Facebook将要采取的新方式，而非过去的旧方式。

　　3、Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid. OfficiaJ research and figures in Paragraphs 2 and 3 reveal an increase in

　　A lawsuit participants lacking a lawyer.

　　B both civil and criminal cases.

　　C appeals for sentence reduction.

　　D guilty pleas to criminal charges.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：第二段①句指出，五月公布的政府研究表明，未获得法律建议或法律代表就出庭的被告越来越多。第三段③句指出，官方数据显示配备了法律代表的原告和被告比例从2012年到去年大幅下降。可见.没有律师就出庭的诉讼参与人(原告、被告等)有所增加.A.正确。[解题技巧]B.源于第二段①句from the civil courts to the criminal courts，但原文指法律援助削减的波及范围扩大，而非案件数量增多。C.、D.分别利用第二段②句个别词汇a reduced sentence、aguilty plea捏造“减刑吁请/认罪行为”增加。

　　4、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. To which of the following would Mark Zuckerberg most probably agree?

　　A Common grounds among users are the sources of high quality news.

　　B Programmed electrons can make good judgment on news quality.

　　C Computers can not replace human beings in news selection.

　　D Reader feedback is not needed in respected newsrooms.

　　正确答案：C  

　　答案解析：本题就扎克伯格的观点设问，实质考查Facebook转变新闻筛选方式的原因和目的，可将解题范围锁定第二、三段。第三段末句指出，对新闻的良好判断依赖于超越机器能力的意识逻辑(orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do).即：离不开人类判断.C.正确。[解题技巧]A.将第二段①句“高质量新闻促进用户共同感的建立”偷换为“用户间的共同感促进高质量新闻产生”。B.对第三段①句“程序化元件具有鉴别思想品质的能力”断章取义：however之后已转折指出，(即便如此)用户反馈等依然不可缺少。D.对第三段②句“即便是备受尊敬的新闻编辑室也需要(require)付费用户的不断反馈”篡改为与之相反的信息(is not needed)。

　　5、Artificial intelligence,or AI,is called artificial for a good reason.Facebook made that point last week by ending its attempt to rely heavily on software algorithms to select news items for its 2 billion users.It announced Jan.19 that the Facebook"community"will be asked to rank news outlets by their trustworthiness.This reader feedback will promote"high quality news that helps build a sense of common ground"in a world with"so much division,"said chief executive Mark Zuckerberg.The first surveys have started in the United States and will soon expand to other countries.The company plans to include the local news outlets of users in its surveys.Like many digital platforms that act as news providers,Facebook had great faith in a belief that programmed electrons in computer servers can discern qualities of thought such as trust,fairness,and honesty.Even in respected newsrooms,however,these traits of character require constant upkeep among journalists and feedback from paying customers.Good judgment on news relies on orders of consciousness beyond what a machine can do.Rather than move toward becoming a hands-on gatekeeper of news,Facebook now hopes its"diverse and representative"sampling of users can lead to a ranking of news outlets-and that would bring a measure of objectivity in its news feed.The company may be in the news business but it has chosen to outsource news credibility to the collective wisdom of individuals and their ability to distinguish truth from falsehood.By placing its trust in people as seekers of truth,Facebook could earn greater trust from its users.This is also a lesson for many companies,especially digital platforms or those in the media business.According to the latest survey of trust in institutions worldwide by Edelman communications firm,"media has become the least-trusted institution for the first time,"more so than other businesses or government.In particular,the US is"enduring an unprecedented crisis of trust"among many of its institutions,says Richard Edelman,president and CEO of Edelman."The root cause of this fall is the lack of objective facts and rational discourse,"he adds.Facebook's shift away from computer-driven news selection is a welcome step toward restoring trust in the overall business of news.This is not a new problem."Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper,"wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1807.Yet the Digital Age has forced the issue of trust for news providers.By inviting readers to participate in solving this problem,Facebook has itself set a new bar for earning trust. In the last paragraph,Thomas Jefferson's words are cited to indicate

　　A the poor quality of newspapers nowadays.

　　B the long-standing trust issue in news businesses.

　　C the problems arising from Facebook's shift.

　　D the issue of trust in the Digital Age.

　　正确答案：B  

　　答案解析：末段首句指出，Facebook的转变朝向恢复用户对新闻业的信任迈出了可喜一步。第二句直接指出这并非新问题。第三句则援引杰斐逊1807年所言“现在的报纸上没有什么可以相信的”。可见，援引目的在于证明新闻可信度问题古已有之，B.正确。[解题技巧]A.源于引言“现在的报纸上没有什么可以相信的”(Nothing can now be believed.…)。但据下文可知，此处“现在”指1807年，而非当下(nowadays)，且“报纸质量低劣”一说与文意存在偏差。C.将末段②句This is not a new problem中This误解为“Facebook转变带来的问题”，而结合前文可知，This指代“新闻业信任问题”，而Facebook转变有益于问题的解决。D.源自末段④句，但选项问题有二：一、Yet表明该句相对引言已发生语义转折，并非引言说明对象;二、该句意指“数字时代迫使新闻提供者们直面信任问题”而非“数字时代信任缺失”。选项不仅偏离原文方向，且放大原文范围(将“新闻业的信任问题”放大到“整个社会的信任缺失”)。一、借助首段特点确定首段

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