2022年考研英语(一)章节习题2

　　1、rankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　A The Ethics of AI:It's about Dr Frankenstein,Not His Monster

　　B The Path to Advanced AI:It I.ies in Ethics,Not in Technologies

　　C The Nature of Project Maven:A Conspiracy to Misuse AI

　　D Google's Principles of Ethical AI:A Wake-up Call to the Threat of AI

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：本文首段提出作者观点：我们无需担心弗兰肯斯坦博士的科学怪人，因为人类会参与AI发展的每一步，并对其负责。随后介绍具体事例“谷歌将AI技术应用于战争领域的做法遭到了员工的联合抗议，谷歌因此宣布了AI道德六原则”，且作者指出这意义重大。末段作者展开评论：“AI道德问题”的本质是“A1创造者及其目的的道德问题”，人们真正要担心的不是“AI技术的失控(即文中monster)”，而是“AI创造者的善良(即文中Dr Frankenstein)”。A.体现全文观点，为正确项。[解题技巧]B.偏离全文论述主题，文中并未涉及AI技术的发展道路。C.偏离文章重心，文章重在借“谷歌秘密参与Maven项目，后被发现并逍员工抵制，随后做出调整、公布AI道德六原则”来论证“AI道德问题的本质”，而非重在探讨“Maven项目的本质”，且作者并未指出这是一个阴谋，Conspiracy贬义色彩过浓。D.违背作者态度：作者并非认为应该警惕AI威胁.而是认为“AI威胁论”是误导性的。

　　2、Thousands of papers are submitted every month to the platforms arXiv and bioRxiv,which make manuscripts available before they have been peer reviewed and accepted by a journal.Scientists applaud preprints because they enable researchers to claim priority and make their findings available more quickly,unshackled from sluggish and tyrannical journals.This might make sense within the scientific community,but this method of publication holds substantial risks for the broadcr community-risks that are not being given proper consideration by the champions of preprint.Weak work that hasn't been reviewed could get overblown in the media.Conversely,better work could be ignored.Many people still learn about science the same way they learn about Syria or the World Cup:through news sites,television and radio.The bulk of research reported through these channels is peer reviewed.A few days before a paper is published,the science journal will issue a restricted press release to qualified journalists under an agreement that no one will report on the paper until a designated time.The system has its flaws,but it does give reporters time to assess the research and gather expert reaction.Contrast this with preprints.As soon as research is in the public domain,there is nothing to stop a journalist writing about it,and rushing to be the first to do so.Imagine early findings that seem to show that climate change is natural or that a common vaccine is unsafe.Preprints on subjects such as those could,if they become a story that goes viral,end up misleading millions,whether or not that was the intention of the authors.Another risk is the inverse-and this one could matter more to some researchers.Under the preprint system,one daring journalist searching through the servers can break a story;by the time other reporters have noticed,it's old news,and they can't persuade their editors to publish.There have been cases in which a preprint that garnered news stories got a second wave of coverage when it was published in a journal.But generally,the rule is'it has to be new to be news'.It is not enough to shrug and blame journalists,and it is unhelpful to dismiss those journalists who can accurately convey complex science to a mass audience.Journalists do include appropriate warnings or even decide not to run a story when conclusions are uncertain,but that happens only because they have been given enough time and breathing space to assess it.If the scientific community isn't careful,preprints coulcl take that resource away.How can we have preprints and support good journalism?Should scientific societies or preprint advocates develop guidelines for what should and should not be posted as a preprint?Should all preprints be emblazoned with a warning aimed at journalists that work has not been peer reviewed'?Preprints could bring great prizes for science.But these questions must be brought up now,so that public understanding is not damaged as preprints flourish. The author argues in Paragraph 6 that journalists

　　A are mainly to blame for spreading bad science.

　　B can help the audience recognize faulty research.

　　C should be given more time to evaluate research.

　　D have to respect the uncertainty inherent in science.

　　正确答案：C  

　　答案解析：第六段先提出“指责、解雇记者于事无补”，随后指出“记者有权警告研究作者、甚至对劣质研究不予刊登，但唯有给他们足够时间、足够喘息空间去评估，这才会发生”，最后明确”科学界需小心避免预印本剥夺记者评估研究的时间”，可见，作者认为“预印系统下，记者未被给予足够时间评估研究，科学界应对此加以改善”，C.契合作者观点。[解题技巧]A.与第六段①句“指责、解雇记者无济于事”相悖。B.将第六段①句“记者能将复杂科学准确传达给读者”篡改为“记者可帮助读者辨识劣质研究”，且背离末句文意“当前预印系统下，记者没有时间甄辨研究优劣”。D.源自第六段②句uncertain，却于客观陈述“记者有权决定不刊登结论不确定的研究”中人为加入作者批驳态度“不确定性为科学固有，记者应加以尊重，不应拒绝刊登”。

　　3、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. Which of the following is true according io Paragraph 2?

　　A The OU's crisis has little to do with the vice-chancellor.

　　B The OU is faced with huge socio-technical challenges.

　　C The OU's television programmes have lost their market.

　　D The role positioning involving the OU has shifted.

　　正确答案：B  

　　答案解析：第二段①②句首先指出：开放大学的深层危机远不是校长霍洛克斯的不胜任，其当前所面临的一些问题的深层原因在于社会及技术的巨大变更;③④⑤句进而以“黑白电视机市场”及“中年人对开放大学需求”的今昔变化为例分别说明开放大学当前面临着巨大的技术和社会挑战，既要应对新的技术问题、也要应对其市场吸引力不足问题。故B.正确。[解题技巧]A.源自①句，但该句意在说明“危机不单单是校长不胜任导致的(意即，校长也有其不可推卸责任)”;C.由③句their television programmes及末句gone the way of black ancl white telcvisions这两个碎片信息捏造而来，但从文中只能推导出“黑白的电视节目没有了市场”，并不能推导出“电视节目失去了市场”：D.根据②句“社会技术巨变”及①句…开放大学作为第二机会的大学，这一角色定位”捏造出“开放大学角色定位发生改变”。

　　4、For the first time on record,the number of advertising-specific jobs in the U.S.is declining in the middle of an economic expansion,according to government data.What's going on?It's certainly not a case of fewer advertisements.The typical American has gone from seeing about 500 ads each day in the 1970s to about 5,000 today,according to a common industry statistic.That is one corporate message for roughly every 10 seconds of waking life.Instead,the mysterious decline can be explained by two developments.First,there are Facebook and Google.They are the largest advertising companies in the world-and,quite likely,the largest in the history of the world.Last year,90 percent of the growth of the digital-advertising business went to just these two firms.Facebook and Google are so profitable because they use their enormous scale and data to deliver targeted advertising at a low cost.This has forced the world's large advertising firms to preserve their profitability through a series of mergers,accompanied by jobs cut.s in the name of efficiency.The emergence of an advertising duopoly has coincided with the rise of"programmatic advertising,"a term that essentially means"companies using algorithms to buy and place ads in those little boxes all over the internet."As any Macl Men fan might intuit,advertising has long been a relationship-driven business,in which multimillion-dollar contracts are hammered out over one-on-one meetings,countless lunches,and even more-countless drinks.With programmatic technology,however,companies can buy access to specific audiences across several publishing platforms at once,bypassing the work of building relationships with each one.That process produces more ads and requires fewer people-or,at least,fewer traditional advertising jobs and more technical jobs.Second,there is the merging of the advertising and entertainment businesses.As smartphone screens have edged out TV as the most important real estate for media,companies have invested more in"branded content"-corporate-sponsored media,such as an article or video,that resembles traditional entertainment more than it does traditional advertising.Some of the most prominent names in journalism,such as The New York Times,BuzzFeed,Vice,and The Atlantic,are owned by companies that have launched their own branded-content shops,which operate as stand-alone divisions.As many media companies have tried to become more like advertising companies,the value of the average"creative-account win,"an ad-industry term for a new contract,has declined,falling by about 40 percent between 2016 and 2017.So there are two major themes of the decline of advertising jobs,one that has to do with the companies that now create them and one that has to do with the way brands prefer to market themselves nowadays.In short,the future of the advertising business is being moved to technology companies managing ad networks and media companies making branded content-that is,away from the ad agencies. Which of the following is true of"branded content"?

　　A It is produced by media companies.

　　B It is similar to traditional advertising.

　　C It advertises famous journals.

　　D lts value has declined in recent years.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：由题干关键词“branded content”锁定第五段。该段②句给出品牌化内容的定义：公司赞助的媒体(corporate-sponsored media);③句援引实例指出：公司收购知 名报刊(即媒体公司)，生产品牌化内容。即品牌化内容由品牌/公司赞助，由媒体公司生产.A.正确。[解题技巧]B.反向干扰：第五段②句以more than说明品牌化内容更像传统娱乐，而非传统广告。C.将③句“报刊生产品牌化内容，为企业做宣传”篡改为“品牌化内容意在宣传报刊”。D.将末句“品牌化内容使传统广告业的平均创造性账户收益价值(the value of the average“creative-account win”)下降”篡改为“品牌化内容的价值下降”。

　　5、rankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. The author suggests in the last paragraph that

　　A companies should unite to boycott the Maven project.

　　B the Pentagon should consider the bidders'morality.

　　C AI creators should take responsibility for AI ethics.

　　D Priority should be given to the development of AI

　　正确答案：C  

　　答案解析：作者在末段指出，科技公司的员工们(即AI创造者)将会积极地参与到项目的维护和改进中，他们可以不断施加道德压力、将AI的道德责任归结于“人类”(the attribution of responsibilit,y to human beings)。最后，作者表示AI道德问题的本质是“Al创造者及其目的的道德问题”(ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to).即Al创造者应为Al道德问题负责，C.正确。[解题技巧]A.违背末段①②句“人们不能期望所有公司都进行道德微调(即抵制Maven项目);即便谷歌放弃Maven项目，也会有其他公司参与竞争”暗示之意“公司参与Maven项目可以理解、也无法禁止”。B.利用末段②句所述情形“多家公司将会竞争五角大楼的Maven项目”捏造干扰，文中并未提及五角大楼应考虑竞标者的品德。D.干扰源自末句lt is not the monster.…we need to worry about most，但该句整体意在说明“Al道德问题的焦点不是AI技术本身，而是创造使用Al的人”，并非说明“人们可以无所顾虑地优先发展Al”。

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