2022年考研英语(一)章节习题1

　　1、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. The author implies in Paragraph l that AI

　　A may be used by scientists to satisfy their own desires.

　　B will be carried out at the expense of human lives.

　　C may take over most of the jobs from human beings.

　　D will be developed step by step under human control.

　　正确答案：D

　　答案解析：第一段最末两句指出，脱离人类控制的怪物不会出现，因为AI的构建和应用是连续的过程，人类将参与其中每一步并对此负责。可见D.正确，step by step对应原文continuous.…every step.体现AI发展的连续性、步骤性;undcr human controt概括原文humans involved and.…responsible.…，体现人类对AI技术的责任与把控。[解题技巧]A.将第一段①句“人们担心科学家会利用Al技术创造出有自身欲望的怪物”偷换为“科学家可能会将AI用于满足自身欲望”.即将“怪物(something/monster)的自身欲望”偷换为“科学家(scientists)的自身欲望”，又将“有些人的担忧”改为“本文作者观点”。B.复现①句will carry them out at the expense of human beings.但这是”某些人的担忧”，随后作者否定了这一观点。C.源自②句its human creators can clo nothing more.但原文强调“人们失去对AI的控制”，而非“AI替人类完成工作”.且作者随后否定了这一情况实际发生的可能，

　　2、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. The most profound threat to the OU is

　　A its poor administration.

　　B its vulnerable financial model.

　　C extensive competition in distance learning,

　　D marketization of higher education.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：第三段③句明确指出：尽管开放大学面临社会技术变革、广泛竞争、管理等各式各样的问题，但是真正应该负主要责任的是政府将高等教育设想为买卖文凭的市场。也即，高等教育的市场化是开放大学面临的最严重威胁，即D.正确。[解题技巧]A.、C.都可以算是威胁，但并非最严重的威胁;B.由④句vulnerable、⑤句its financial model这两个碎片信息捏造而来，但文中并未指出开放大学的财务模式很脆弱。

　　3、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. The last iwo paragraphs are mainly

　　A satirizing universities which ruthlessly seek profit to the neglect of teaching andresearch.

　　B suggesting a way for students to access higher education without amassing huge debt.

　　C criticizing the government whose conception of higher education disrupts all universities.

　　D exposing the illusion that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university.

　　正确答案：C  

　　答案解析：第三段首先重点指出“开放大学所面临的问题不单单是管理者的问题，更是政府的问题，政府对高等教育的设想对所有大学(尤其开放大学)都是极具毁灭性的”，随后以“开放大学(应市场需求而被迫)提高学费导致学生人数、学生对学校满意度极具下降”为例做出说明，第四段则针对政府简要提出意见“应调整认识、为打造真正大学予以支持”。可见，末两段意在批评政府行为，C.正确。[解题技巧]A.由第三段④句higher education as a marketplace、末句universities as selling to“customers”.rather than teaching students抽取出“高校为追求利润而忽视教学研究”这一形象，但段中并未着意说明这一形象。B.由第三段⑤句introduction，and then the tripling，of tuition fess抽取出“学生为上大学而负债累累”这一信息，并结合末段碎片信息should.…access to the benefits of a real university推断出“向这些负债累累的学生提出了一个解决办法”。D.将末段意欲宣扬的the ideal that.“‘人人都能受益于一所真正的大学’这一伟大理想”曲解为the Lllusion“幻想”。

　　4、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. Google's declaration of ethical AI principles is mainly prompted by

　　A its awareness of AI's significance to the Pentagon.

　　B its senior management's desire for economic benefits.

　　C its employees'protest against applying AI to warfare.

　　D its eagerness to solve ethical problems concerning AI.

　　正确答案：C  

　　答案解析：第二段首句指出，谷歌宣布Al道德原则是“公司程序员们抗议”的结果。结合下文所述谷歌做法“向五角大楼秘密提供AI技术、制造AI武器或驱动武器的AI技术”可知，程序员们抗议的对象为“将AI应用于战争”，C.正确。[解题技巧]A.对第二段①句its use of AI so significant断章取义，该句并非指“谷歌意识到AI对五角大楼非常重要”，而是指“谷歌宣布Al使用原则意义重大”。B.源自②句saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine(“将……视为一座金矿”即“希望借……获取巨大经济利益”)，但将“谷歌向五角大楼提供Al技术”的原因偷换为了“谷歌宣布AI道德原则”的原因。D.体现强烈的“主动性”，与文中所示谷歌行为“在此之前一直刻意隐瞒，后迫于员工抗议才公布了AI道德原则”相悖。

　　5、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3?

　　A Google had been developing war-related Al secretly.

　　B Google prioritizes employees'opinions over profits.

　　C Google promises not to profit from AI-related defence technology.

　　D Google's six principles violate international principles of human rights.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：第三段首句指出“那(That回指上段所述“秘密制造驱动武器的AI技术”这一事实)正是谷歌一直在做的事”，下文进一步指出，谷歌一直在帮助五角大楼将Al技术用于战争，直至被媒体发现并引发抗议，可见A.正确。[解题技巧]B.对文中事实“员工抗议促使谷歌宣布AI道德原则”错误引申：由谷歌做法“先前向员工隐瞒参与Maven项目、后基于对联合起来的员工(organised workforce)的恐惧而宣布Al道德原则，但仍故意留下了从非致死性防御技术中获利的例外”可知，符歌并非真正重视员工意见大过利益。C.与第三段末句暗示信息“谷歌仍有意从非致死性防御技术中获利”相悖。D.将违背国际人权原则的主体“某些武器系统或技术的使用目的或监控用途(weapons systems，or technologies.…)”偷换为“谷歌的AI道德六原则”。推理可知，谷歌道德六原则符合国际人权原则。

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